{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:49:55Z","timestamp":1792684195319,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, particularly extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales, has brought renewed interest in temocillin, a narrow-spectrum \u03b2-lactam antibiotic first introduced in the 1980s. Objectives: We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the microbiological, pharmacological, and clinical profile of temocillin. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the literature using the PubMed database to identify relevant studies concerning the microbiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical applications, and safety of temocillin. Results: Temocillin shows strong in vitro activity against ESBL- and AmpC-producing organisms, and partial efficacy against certain Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing strains. Its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, including \u03b2-lactamase stability and low ecological impact, support its use in urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, intra-abdominal infections, pneumonia, and central nervous system infections. Additionally, evidence supports its utility in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT), including subcutaneous administration, and in vulnerable populations such as pediatric, elderly, and immunocompromised patients. Temocillin demonstrates a favorable safety profile, minimal disruption of gut microbiota, and cost-effectiveness. It also exhibits synergistic activity with agents like fosfomycin, further enhancing its clinical value. Most of the current evidence is derived from retrospective and observational studies. Conclusions: Temocillin emerges as a promising carbapenem-sparing option for the treatment of challenging infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14090859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1756219398000},"page":"859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Temocillin: A Narrative Review of Its Clinical Reappraisal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Cosimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9204-032X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Zerbato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7415-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Grasselli Kmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0832-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5657-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Cogliati Dezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Unidad Cl\u00ednica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)\/CSIC, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7988-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Geremia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ospedale \u201cdell\u2019Angelo\u201d, 30174 Venice, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ospedale Civile \u201cS.S. Giovanni e Paolo\u201d, 30122 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1512-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Nadrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateja","family":"Pirs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2749-9396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajko","family":"Saletinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Nunnari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Clinica Medica, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Mearelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Clinica Medica, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo Giorgio","family":"Di Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graziana","family":"Avena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Fabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), 34125 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0271-0826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Santa Maria Degli Angeli Hospital of Pordenone (AS FO), 33170 Pordenone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2000-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Principe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Unit, Great Metropolitan Hospital \u201cBianchi-Melacrino-Morelli\u201d, 89128 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8817-2123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna Maria","family":"Nicol\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Virology Unit, Great Metropolitan Hospital \u201cBianchi-Melacrino-Morelli\u201d, 89128 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6121-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, 34129 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/22953337.1985.11719114","article-title":"Drugs Recently Released in Belgium: Temocillin","volume":"40","author":"Harvengt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Clin. 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