{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:29:17Z","timestamp":1771039757488,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA-NIFA NextGen Program","award":["20237044040142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20237044040142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans JP2 genotype is a virulent pathogen linked to severe periodontitis and systemic diseases. Honey and royal jelly (RJ) have demonstrated bioactive properties against this microorganism. This study aims to assess the bioactive properties of honeys and RJ against this key periodontal pathogen and to preliminarily identify key compounds with antibacterial potential. Methods: The antibacterial activity of honeys and commercial products (manuka, L-Mesitran\u00ae as a medical-grade honey-based formulation (MGHF), and Honix\u00ae RJ) against A. actinomycetemcomitans JP2 was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method and microdilution assays. Extensive physicochemical characterization (e.g., hydrogen peroxide level, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content) was conducted to correlate the bioactive compounds with the antimicrobial activity. Results: All tested samples exhibited varying antibacterial potency, with inhibition zones ranging from 21 to 37 mm. The MICs ranged from 40.7 to 104.3 mg\/mL. MGHF, RJ, and multifloral honeys showed the lowest MICs. The pH of six out of eight samples could not induce enamel decalcification while the pH of three samples may not influence cementum demineralization. Vitamin C, zinc, magnesium, and potassium were present in measurable quantities, and were not associated with significant antibacterial activity. MGHF showed the highest hydrogen peroxide activity and TFC values. TFC and H2O2 content were statistically correlated with lower MIC values. Conclusions: Honey and RJ showed antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans JP2, partly attributed to their content of hydrogen peroxide and flavonoids. Clinical trials are needed to confirm the potential role of honey, RJ, and their bioactive compounds in managing periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14090887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T08:04:15Z","timestamp":1756886655000},"page":"887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Honey Compounds Exhibit Antibacterial Effects Against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans JP2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Abdelhadi","family":"Hbibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, International Faculty of Dental Medicine, College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Sala Al Jadida 11100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amine","family":"Ezzahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Materials, Membranes, and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3066-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferhat","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Health, and Environment, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"},{"name":"Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, Sul Ross State University, Eagle Pass, TX 78852, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4042-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels A. J.","family":"Cremers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Triticum Exploitatie BV, 6222 NK Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jalal","family":"Kasouati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biostatistics and Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8444-0537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Moussaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Engineering of Biomolecules Unit, National Centre for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (CNESTEN), Rabat 10001, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8069-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mimoun","family":"Zouhdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Babacar","family":"Tour\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, International Faculty of Dental Medicine, College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Sala Al Jadida 11100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9342-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itto","family":"Maroui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory in Oral Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pink, C., Holtfreter, B., V\u00f6lzke, H., Nauck, M., D\u00f6rr, M., and Kocher, T. 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