{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:07:02Z","timestamp":1758931622767,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research, Innovation and University Commission (CRIU), Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) has been implemented throughout the world for the treatment of most infections. Published studies have focused on OPAT delivery, with limited data on coordination and monitoring practices. Methods: A mixed methods study, using an exploratory sequential design, was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Paris, France. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with prescribing physicians and professionals involved in OPAT coordination and monitoring. A general inductive approach was used to analyze verbatim data and build a framework for OPAT model characterization. Cost estimates, using a standardized scenario, were applied to each model. Results: Five OPAT coordination and monitoring models were identified. All OPATs were administered by visiting nurses in the patient\u2019s home. Referral to an infectious disease physician was not systematic, and three models, with 3 to 50 OPAT episodes\/year each, outsourced hospital-to-home coordination and monitoring to external medical service and device providers. Only one OPAT model, with 450 OPATs annually, included a nurse specialist within the unit to coordinate and monitor treatment. Clinically and\/or socially vulnerable patients received OPAT through hospital at home services, which reported 30 OPATs\/year. Under the standardized clinical scenario applied to each OPAT model, weekly costs ranged from EUR 1445 to EUR 2308. Conclusions: The diversity of OPAT coordination and monitoring practices identified within a single hospital suggests that similar trends may be observed in other settings, in France and elsewhere. Identifying the most cost-effective OPAT service model could guide stakeholders and facilitate the implementation of best practice recommendations in line with antimicrobial stewardship principles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14100971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:39:37Z","timestamp":1758883177000},"page":"971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy in a Tertiary Hospital in France: A Description of Service Models and Costs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-8027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esp\u00e9rie","family":"Burnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine and National Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75014 Paris, France"},{"name":"ERN-Lung CF Network, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9426-0206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Le Bras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris Health Economics and Health Services Research Unit (URC Eco IdF), H\u00f4tel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, 75004 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7181-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Roucoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris Health Economics and Health Services Research Unit (URC Eco IdF), H\u00f4tel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, 75004 Paris, France"},{"name":"ECEVE, UMR-S 1123, Paris Cit\u00e9 University, Inserm, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine and National Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75014 Paris, France"},{"name":"ERN-Lung CF Network, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Canou\u00ef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cit\u00e9 University, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Leclaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris Public Hospital-at-Home (HAD AP-HP), Greater Paris University Hospitals, AP-HP, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Zerbit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris Public Hospital-at-Home (HAD AP-HP), Greater Paris University Hospitals, AP-HP, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0903-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre R\u00e9gis","family":"Burgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine and National Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75014 Paris, France"},{"name":"ERN-Lung CF Network, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Institut Cochin, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4385-5888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9mence","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine and National Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75014 Paris, France"},{"name":"ERN-Lung CF Network, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Institut Cochin, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm U1016, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4078-1476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Durand-Zaleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris Health Economics and Health Services Research Unit (URC Eco IdF), H\u00f4tel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, 75004 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM UMR 1153 CRESS Research Center in Epidemiology and Statistics, Paris Cit\u00e9 University, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Duracinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris Health Economics and Health Services Research Unit (URC Eco IdF), H\u00f4tel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, 75004 Paris, France"},{"name":"ECEVE, UMR-S 1123, Paris Cit\u00e9 University, Inserm, 75010 Paris, France"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Unit, Bic\u00eatre Hospital, AP-HP, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107263","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"64","author":"Mohammed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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