{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T04:44:16Z","timestamp":1760157856399,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Inserm","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003768","name":"University of Strasbourg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003768","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Whether therapeutic albumin (ThHSA) can serve as a defense tool in Candida species (spp.) infections is still a matter of debate, although many physicians are in the habit of infusing ThHSA to restore the physiological concentration of endogenous human serum albumin (HSA). Given the need for innovative anti-Candida strategies, we assessed in vitro the role of ThHSA alone or in combination with voriconazole (VCZ) in combating Candida spp. growth and the role of bovine serum albumin (BSA)\u2014used as a substitute for HSA\u2014with two endogenous bovine antimicrobial peptides in combating C. albicans and other microbes. Results: The combination of ThHSA with VCZ enhanced the antifungal effect on C. albicans, sensitive C. tropicalis, sensitive C. glabrata, and C. lusitaniae. However, for resistant C. tropicalis, the combination of ThHSA with VCZ promoted yeast growth, and VCZ tended to suppress the antimicrobial effect of ThHSA on resistant C. glabrata. As to the possible transposition of ThHSA-type properties to BSA (as regards the growth inhibition of other pathogens), we tested combinations of BSA with two physiological chromogranin A-derived antimicrobial peptides (catestatin and cateslytin). BSA enhanced significantly the activity of catestatin (but not cateslytin) in combating C. albicans, A. fumigatus, and M. luteus, but was inactive against S. aureus and E. coli. Conclusions: Our experiments support the fact that albumins display intrinsic antimicrobial properties, with an unpredictable growth inhibitory effect on various microbes. ThHSA can thus be an adjunctive tool for more efficient care of some, though not all, infections. The interaction of BSA with catestatin and cateslytin is related to their structure, with BSA significantly enhancing the effect of catestatin but not that of cateslytin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14100974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T12:33:03Z","timestamp":1758889983000},"page":"974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insight into the Roles of Albumin\u2014Alone and in Combination with Either Voriconazole or Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Chromogranin A\u2014In the Growth of Different Microbial Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Francis","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR_S 1121, CNRS EMR 7003, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biom\u00e9decine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eug\u00e8ne Boeckel, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Federation of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67081 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Hell\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR_S 1121, CNRS EMR 7003, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biom\u00e9decine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eug\u00e8ne Boeckel, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6224-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Strub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Spectrom\u00e9trie de Masse BioOrganique, Strasbourg University, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, 67081 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier","family":"von Hunolstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR_S 1121, CNRS EMR 7003, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biom\u00e9decine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eug\u00e8ne Boeckel, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Schaaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR_S 1121, CNRS EMR 7003, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biom\u00e9decine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eug\u00e8ne Boeckel, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Lavalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR_S 1121, CNRS EMR 7003, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biom\u00e9decine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eug\u00e8ne Boeckel, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0297-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Scavello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR_S 1121, CNRS EMR 7003, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biom\u00e9decine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eug\u00e8ne Boeckel, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1138-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Metz-Boutigue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR_S 1121, CNRS EMR 7003, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche en Biom\u00e9decine de Strasbourg, 1 rue Eug\u00e8ne Boeckel, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00503-3","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume":"10","author":"Kanj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2497-3","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of invasive candidiasis in intensive care units (ICUs) in Europe: Results of the EUCANDICU project","volume":"23","author":"Bassetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02222-z","article-title":"Role of source control in critically ill candidemic patients: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"52","author":"Marangos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1843400","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms and polymicrobial interactions","volume":"47","author":"Ponde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00242-z","article-title":"Rational selection of antifungal drugs to propose a new formulation strategy to control Candida biofilm formation on venous catheters","volume":"51","author":"Reginatto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0001923","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00019-23","article-title":"Fungal Endocarditis: Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"36","author":"Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1256158","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of invasive fungal diseases in non-neutropenic ICU patients with focus on candidiasis and aspergillosis: A comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Azim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.028","article-title":"Resistance of Candida to azoles and echinocandins worldwide","volume":"25","author":"Pristov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i33","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx447","article-title":"Overview of antifungal dosing in invasive candidiasis","volume":"73","author":"Pea","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.152900","article-title":"ECIL-6 guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients","volume":"102","author":"Tissot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"140","article-title":"Voriconazole efficacy against Candida glabrata and Candida krusei: Preclinical data using a validated in vitro pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic model","volume":"75","author":"Beredaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e0044","article-title":"A Pilot Study on Continuous Infusion of 4% Albumin in Critically Ill Patients: Impact on Nosocomial Infection via a Reduction Mechanism for Oxidized Substrates","volume":"1","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12664","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312664","article-title":"The role of medium polarity in the efficiency of albumin binding with hydrophobic ligands: Experimental studies and a molecular dynamics investigation","volume":"25","author":"Zazeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07883.x","article-title":"The prognostic value of serial measurements of serum albumin concentration in patients admitted to an intensive care unit","volume":"1","author":"McCluskey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-024-03664-y","article-title":"Albumin: A comprehensive review and practical guideline for clinical use","volume":"80","author":"Abedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0702-y","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of albumin and crystalloid on mortality in adult patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Chun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0703542","article-title":"Albumin binding of short cationic antimicrobial micropeptides and its influence on the in vitro bactericidal effect","volume":"50","author":"Svenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80540-6","article-title":"Fetal bovine serum albumin inhibits antimicrobial peptide activity and binds drug only in complex with \u03b11-antitrypsin","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042066","article-title":"The Catestatin-Derived Peptides Are New Actors to Fight the Development of Oral Candidosis","volume":"23","author":"Mancino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24193435","article-title":"Design and synthesis of novel 1,3-Thiazole and 2-Hydrazinyl-1,3-Thiazole derivatives as anti-Candida agents: In vitro antifungal screening, molecular docking study, and spectroscopic investigation of their binding interaction with bovine serum albumin","volume":"24","author":"Pricopie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3632","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.3c01168","article-title":"Enhanced Antifungal Activity of Amphotericin B Bound to Albumin: A \u201cTrojan Horse\u201d Effect of the Protein","volume":"127","author":"Grela","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-019-04618-6","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of albumin on bacteria and yeast cells","volume":"167","author":"Arzumanyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0053121","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00531-21","article-title":"Albumin neutralizes hydrophobic toxins and modulates Candida albicans Pathogenicity","volume":"12","author":"Austermeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318211ff6e","article-title":"Human serum albumin improves endothelial dysfunction and survival during experimental endotoxemia: Concentration-dependent properties","volume":"39","author":"Kremer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"89","article-title":"Continuous 4 Percent Albumin Versus Intermittent 20 Percent Albumin in Adults with Septic Shock: A Prospective, Phase IV, Open-label Randomized Trial","volume":"8","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977175","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.977175","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptides secreted by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla link the neuroendocrine and immune systems: From basic to clinical studies","volume":"13","author":"Scavello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4838(01)00287-4","article-title":"Interaction of bovine (BSA) and human (HSA) serum albumins with ionic surfactants: Spectroscopy and modelling","volume":"1594","author":"Gelamo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A concise update","volume":"6","author":"Ho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00355-X","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Langford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819629d2","article-title":"Candida albicans impairs macrophage function and facilitates Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in rat","volume":"37","author":"Roux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0254593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254593","article-title":"Candida albicans exhibit two classes of cell surface binding sites for serum albumin defined by their affinity, abundance and prospective role in interkingdom signaling","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, F., Cl\u00e8re-Jehl, R., Scavello, F., Lavigne, T., Corti, A., Angelone, T., Ha\u00efKel, Y., and Lavalle, P. (2022). Chromogranin A and Its Fragments in the Critically Ill: An Expanding Domain of Interest for Better Care. Pharmaceutics, 14.","key":"ref_33","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102178"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00046","article-title":"The uniqueness of albumin as a carrier in nanodrug delivery","volume":"18","author":"Spada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24064","article-title":"Protein-binding characteristics of voriconazole determined by high-throughput equilibrium dialysis","volume":"103","author":"Vanstraelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz124","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility, genotyping, resistance mechanism, and clinical profile of Candida tropicalis blood isolates","volume":"58","author":"Arastehfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010037","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010037","article-title":"Human albumin enhances the pathogenic potential of Candida glabrata on vaginal epithelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Pekmezovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"764","article-title":"Oral colonisation and infection by Candida sp. in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis","volume":"33","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/1567-1364.12219","article-title":"Serum albumin promotes ATP-binding cassette transporter-dependent sterol uptake in yeast","volume":"14","author":"Marek","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12597","article-title":"Innate immunity in vertebrates: An overview","volume":"148","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2017680","article-title":"Inhibition of Candida albicans in vivo and in vitro by antimicrobial peptides chromogranin A-N12 through microRNA-155\/suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 axis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119686","article-title":"Novel autocrine feedback control of catecholamine release. A discrete chromogranin a fragment is a noncompetitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist","volume":"100","author":"Mahata","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051550","article-title":"Catestatin: Antimicrobial Functions and Potential Therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Jati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4461-9","article-title":"New antimicrobial activity for the catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide from chromogranin A","volume":"62","author":"Briolat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(98)00040-8","article-title":"Mechanism of action of chromogranin A on catecholamine release: Molecular modeling of the catestatin region reveals a beta-strand\/loop\/beta-strand structure secured by hydrophobic interactions and predictive of activity","volume":"77","author":"Tsigelny","year":"1998","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-142554","article-title":"Membrane structure and interactions of human catestatin by multidimensional solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy","volume":"24","author":"Sugawara","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4501","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004501","article-title":"Two chromogranin a-derived peptides induce calcium entry in human neutrophils by calmodulin-regulated calcium independent phospholipase A2","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6394","DOI":"10.1021\/bi800448h","article-title":"Aggregation of cateslytin beta-sheets on negatively charged lipids promotes rigid membrane domains. A new mode of action for antimicrobial peptides?","volume":"47","author":"Castano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6807-14-4","article-title":"Synthetic cationic antimicro bial peptides bind with their hydrophobic parts to drug site II of human serum albumin","volume":"14","author":"Sivertsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00985","article-title":"Reactivation of Intestinal Inflammation Is Suppressed by Catestatin in a Murine Model of Colitis via M1 Macrophages and Not the Gut Microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Rabbi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068993","article-title":"Cateslytin, a chromogranin A derived peptide is active against Staphylococcus aureus and resistant to degradation by its proteases","volume":"8","author":"Aslam","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/10\/974\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T04:10:25Z","timestamp":1760155825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/10\/974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14100974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14100974","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6382"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]}}}