{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:41:07Z","timestamp":1760589667659,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022656","name":"Nimes University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Thematique Phare 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Thematique Phare 1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022656","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has been reported to impact antimicrobial consumption (AMC) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. We aimed to assess this correlation in Klebsiella pneumoniae before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and to estimate the burden of each antibiotic. Methods: We collected data on AMC of penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors (PBIs), anti-pseudomonal activity penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors (AAPBIs), cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and AMR in K. pneumoniae strains. The correlation between AMC and AMR was studied using dynamic regression models. Results: Overall, AMC of AAPBIs and fourth-generation cephalosporin increased, while fluoroquinolone consumption and AMR in the 2862 K. pneumoniae strains analyzed decreased. However, during the first year of the pandemic, we reported an increase in AMC and AMR. We found that 46% to 48% of the increase in cephalosporin, AAPBI, and fluoroquinolone resistance was explained by increased cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone consumption, 55% of the increase in PBI resistance was explained by increased PBI, cephalosporin, and fluoroquinolone consumption, and 58% of the increase in aminoglycoside resistance was explained by increased aminoglycoside consumption. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the increase in AMR in K. pneumoniae was correlated with the increase in AMC of several antibiotics, mainly cephalosporins and especially fluoroquinolones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14101020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T10:37:14Z","timestamp":1760438234000},"page":"1020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation Between Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Dynamic Regression Models: A Quasi-Experimental Epidemiological Time-Series Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Laffont-Lozes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nimes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5367-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Salipante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology (BESPIM), University of Montpellier, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nimes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1218-9432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Loubet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VBIC, INSERM U1047, University of Montpellier, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Nimes University Hospital, 30000 Nimes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6884-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Dunyach-Remy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VBIC, INSERM U1047, University of Montpellier, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Nimes University Hospital, 30000 Nimes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9484-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Lavigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VBIC, INSERM U1047, University of Montpellier, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Nimes University Hospital, 30000 Nimes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6463-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Sotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VBIC, INSERM U1047, University of Montpellier, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Nimes University Hospital, 30000 Nimes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7591-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romaric","family":"Larcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhyMedExp, INSERM U1046, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Nimes University Hospital, 30029 Nimes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106324","article-title":"Increased Antimicrobial Resistance during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"57","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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