{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T18:54:36Z","timestamp":1789412076175,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008736","name":"FONDEF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["15I10032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15I10032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008736","name":"FONDEF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["15I20032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15I20032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ANID Millenium Nucleus of Bioproducts, Genomics, and Environmental Microbiology","award":["NCN2023_054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCN2023_054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Since 2008, the kiwifruit industry has been significantly impacted by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the agent responsible for bacterial canker in kiwifruit. Existing treatments, such as copper-based compounds and antibiotics, have faced challenges related to resistance and soil contamination. Phage therapy is a promising and safe alternative for controlling this pathogen. This study aimed to evaluate the use of a mixture of four isolated and characterized bacteriophages as potential biocontrol agents against Psa. Methods: Trials were conducted at two locations in Chile, where Psa presence was reported during the 2019\/2020 and 2020\/2021 seasons, with a focus on the spring stages. Different formulations were tested each season to evaluate possible improvements in effectiveness. Pseudomonas spp. isolates obtained from epiphyte populations were characterized using morphological, biochemical (LOPAT), and molecular techniques. Results: Field trials demonstrated that the phage mixture effectively reduced the damage associated with Psa on kiwi leaves, resulting in a decrease in the Pseudomonas spp. bacterial load (42.9% for Peumo and 25% for Linares) at both locations during the first season trials. This decrease is associated with a reduction in the incidence and severity of the disease in kiwi plants in the Peumo orchard. In both seasons, bacteriophages reduce Psa symptoms in treated kiwi plants compared to untreated controls, at least at one location and evaluation. In both orchards during the first season, bacteriophages also outperformed copper- and antibiotic-based treatments used by farmers. Bacteriophage therapy is eco-friendly and safe for both applicators and consumers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14101023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T14:34:15Z","timestamp":1760452455000},"page":"1023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bacteriophages Biocontrol of Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) in Two Seasons Under Field Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6405-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Sanhueza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Agronom\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Casilla 4D, Quillota 2260000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7721-001X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Riquelme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Agronom\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Casilla 4D, Quillota 2260000, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomic and Enviromental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1755-8256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Av. Universidad #330, Curauma, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javiera Gaete","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Agronom\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Casilla 4D, Quillota 2260000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Av. Universidad #330, Curauma, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Fernanda","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroadvance SpA, Camino a Melipilla 26200, Pe\u00f1aflor 9750000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Ya\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Av. Universidad #330, Curauma, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8092-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Italo F.","family":"Cuneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Agronom\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Casilla 4D, Quillota 2260000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4819-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Bast\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Av. Universidad #330, Curauma, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4861-7961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximena","family":"Besoain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Agronom\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Casilla 4D, Quillota 2260000, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomic and Enviromental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-14","article-title":"Identification of Bacteriophages for Biocontrol of the Kiwifruit Canker Phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae","volume":"80","author":"Frampton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. 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