{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:37:20Z","timestamp":1788176240525,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CMU Proactive Researcher Program, Chiang Mai University","award":["794\/2567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["794\/2567"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thai medicinal flowers, namely Mesua ferrea L. (Bunnak), Mammea siamensis T. Anderson (Saraphi), and Clitoria ternatea (Anchan) have long been valued for their traditional medicinal. This study investigated their phytochemical composition and bioactivities, with a particular focus on antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Methods: Ethanolic flower extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS). Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, and Vibrio cholerae were assessed by agar well diffusion, broth dilution methods, and time\u2013kill assays. Biofilm formation, biofilm disruption, and bacterial adhesion to Caco-2 cells were evaluated. Morphological changes in E. coli O157:H7 were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and leakage of intracellular contents (DNA, RNA, proteins) were quantified. Results: HPLC analysis revealed the highest level of gallic acid in M. ferrea and quercetin in M. siamensis. LC\u2013MS analysis identified fifteen putative metabolites across the flower extracts, including quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, and luteolin derivatives, with species-specific profiles. C. ternatea extract exhibited the greatest total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. Among the extracts, M. ferrea exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect, with inhibition zone of 13.00\u201315.00 mm and MIC\/MBC values of 31.25\u201362.5 mg\/mL. All extracts exhibited time-dependent bactericidal activity, significantly inhibited biofilm formation, disrupted established biofilms, and reduced bacterial adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells. SEM revealed membrane disruption in E. coli O157:H7 and leakage of intracellular components. Conclusions: Thai medicinal flower extracts, particularly M. ferrea, possess strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Their ability to inhibit biofilm formation, interfere with bacterial adhesion, and disrupt bacterial membranes highlights their potential as natural alternatives for preventing or controlling enteric bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14101038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T16:33:22Z","timestamp":1760632402000},"page":"1038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Thai Medicinal Flowers as Natural Antioxidants and Antibacterial Agents Against Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria: A Comparative Study of Mesua ferrea, Mammea siamensis, and Clitoria ternatea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6827-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sureeporn","family":"Suriyaprom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7011-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitsanat","family":"Cheepchirasuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Doctor of Philosophy Program in Applied Microbiology (International Program), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1035-9509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornpimon","family":"Ngamsaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varachaya","family":"Intachaisri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0107-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angkhana","family":"Inta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0754-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingmanee","family":"Tragoolpua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Natural Extracts and Innovative Products for Alternative Healthcare Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0566-7","article-title":"Prevalence of Enteric Bacteria and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns among Food Handlers in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Getie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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