{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T07:15:44Z","timestamp":1785741344460,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004508","name":"Fundamental Fund of Prince of Songkla University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHA6701203S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHA6701203S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Faculty of Science","award":["SCISPM6501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCISPM6501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Polymyxin B (PMB) was incorporated into a sodium deoxycholate sulfate (SDCS) micelle formulation to mitigate polymyxin-induced nephrotoxicity. This study examined the effect of the formulation on nephrotoxicity and biodistribution in a rat model. Methods: Four groups of rats were subcutaneously administered one of the following: normal saline, SDCS, PMB, or a PMB-SDCS formulation. After treatment, the weight changes were recorded, and the rats were euthanized to collect blood for serum biochemistry measurements. The histopathological damage to organs was examined. Two additional groups of rats received the same dose of PMB and the PMB-SDCS formulation subcutaneously; however, their serum PMB was measured at predetermined time points, and the PMB concentrations in the organs were measured. Molecular docking for PMB and formulation with human serum albumin was also performed. Results: The PMB-SDCS formulations showed improvement in serum biomarker measurements. Several abnormalities were observed in the kidney, liver, lung, and spleen tissues following PMB treatment, which indicated evidence of toxicity. The docking showed SDCS reduces PMB binding affinity on HSA. The PMB-SDCS formulations were associated with less acute toxicity and less nephrotoxic damage compared with the PMB group. The results were supported by less PMB accumulation in the kidneys in the formulation group. Conclusions: The study indicates that SDCS has the potential to mitigate PMB-induced nephrotoxicity in rat models, suggesting a promising strategy for safer use that warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14111062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:47:36Z","timestamp":1761266856000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment of Polymyxin B with Sodium Deoxycholate Sulfate Micelles in a Rat Model to Combat Polymyxin Nephrotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Ali Khumaini Mudhar","family":"Bintang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3532-1405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongdee","family":"Nopparat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4772-2276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teerapol","family":"Srichana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025). 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