{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:17:19Z","timestamp":1791566239598,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fleming Fund project-Zambia","award":["FF 156_562 Zambia CG1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF 156_562 Zambia CG1"]}]},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","award":["GCP\/GLO\/710\/UK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCP\/GLO\/710\/UK"]}]},{"name":"Zambia Multisectoral Pandemic Preparedness and Response (ZaMPPR) Project"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP20wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20wm0125008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP223fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health threat that undermines treatment in humans and animals. In Zambia, where livestock production underpins food security and livelihoods, AMR challenges are aggravated by limited surveillance, weak diagnostics, and poor regulatory enforcement, facilitating the spread of resistant pathogens across the human\u2013animal\u2013environment interface. This study aims to analyse AMR patterns of bacterial isolates collected from Zambia\u2019s animal health sector between 2020 and 2024, to generate evidence that informs national AMR surveillance, supports antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions, and strengthens One Health strategies to mitigate the spread of resistant pathogens. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis of previously collected routine laboratory data from five well-established animal health AMR surveillance sentinel sites between January 2020 and December 2024. Data were analysed by year, sample type, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) profiles using WHONET. Results: A total of 1688 samples were processed, with faecal samples accounting for 87.6%. Animal environmental samples (feed, manure, litter, abattoir\/meat processing floor, wall, and equipment surface swabs) (collected from abattoirs, water, and farms) increased significantly over time (p = 0.027). Overall, Escherichia coli (E. coli) (50.4%) and Enterococcus spp. (30%) were the most frequently isolated bacteria. E. coli exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (74%) and ampicillin (72%) but remained susceptible to aztreonam (98%), nitrofurantoin (95%), and imipenem (93%). Enterococcus spp. were susceptible to penicillin (84%) and ampicillin (89%) but showed borderline resistance to vancomycin (53%) and linezolid (50%). Klebsiella spp. demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin (52%) and gentamicin (40%), whereas Salmonella spp. remained highly susceptible. Notably, resistance to amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid rose sharply from 22.2% to 81.8% (p = 0.027). Across 1416 isolates, high levels of multidrug resistance (MDR) were observed, particularly in E. coli (48.4%) and K. pneumoniae (18.6%), with notable proportions progressing toward possible Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) and Pan-Drug-Resistant (PDR) states. Conclusions: The findings of this study reveal rising resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the animal health sector. Despite the lack of molecular analysis, our findings underscore the urgent need for AMS programs and integrated AMR surveillance under Zambia\u2019s One Health strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14111102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:15:14Z","timestamp":1762175714000},"page":"1102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from the Animal Health Sector in Zambia (2020\u20132024): Opportunities to Strengthen Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Stewardship Programs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Taona","family":"Sinyawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Chilanga, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fusya","family":"Goma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 15100, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikwanda","family":"Chileshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi and Addis Ababa Roads, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4013-7843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ntombi B.","family":"Mudenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-8981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steward","family":"Mudenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi and Addis Ababa Roads, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Education and Continuous Professional Development Committee, Pharmaceutical Society of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amon","family":"Siame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred Mulako","family":"Simwinji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6480-6885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mwendalubi Albert","family":"Hadunka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertha","family":"Chibwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaunda","family":"Kaunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Mainda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Chaholi Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno S. J.","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa","family":"Kasanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi and Addis Ababa Roads, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"University Teaching Hospital, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Webrod","family":"Mufwambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Mukale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi and Addis Ababa Roads, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Bambala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Hangoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawa","family":"Mabuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enhanced Smallholder Livestock Investment Project, Plot No. 1, Gizenga Road, Woodlands, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Bowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Chilanga, Lusaka 10101, 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Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morreah","family":"Champo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi and Addis Ababa Roads, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercy","family":"Mukuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1308-9318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Dautu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Chilanga, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chileshe","family":"Lukwesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, 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