{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:07:42Z","timestamp":1793383662027,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fleming Fund Zambia Country Grant"},{"name":"Zambia Multisectoral Pandemic Preparedness and Response (ZaMPPR) Project"},{"name":"World Health Organisation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP20wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20wm0125008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP223fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) remains a growing public health threat, underscoring the need for robust surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (AMC) and Antimicrobial Use (AMU). This study analysed AMC and AMU trends in Zambia\u2019s human and animal health sectors, identifying priority areas for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) under a One Health framework. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in February 2025, utilising data from 2018 to 2023. Sources of data included the Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority (ZAMRA) and the WOAH Animal Antimicrobial Use (ANIMUSE) Global Database platform. AMC was analysed using the WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) methodology. Antimicrobials were classified using the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system, and consumption was measured in Defined Daily Doses (DDDs) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). Antibiotics were further categorised using the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AwaRe) classification. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPPS version 25.0. Results: In the human health sector, oral antibiotics accounted for 88% of total consumption. Penicillins (33%), cephalosporins (19.2%), and macrolides (12.4%) were the most consumed classes. In 2023, 98,651,882.42 DDDs per 1000 inhabitants\/day were recorded, with amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim leading as the most consumed antibiotics. According to the consumption of antibiotics by the WHO AwaRe classification, 47% were Access, 40% Watch, and 3% Reserve group antibiotics. In animal health, tetracyclines dominated (63%), followed by sulphonamides (26%) and penicillins (11%). AMU in animal health peaked in 2023. Conclusions: This study found high AMC and AMU, especially Watch-group antibiotics and tetracyclines, highlighting the need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, regulatory oversight, and integrated One Health surveillance to mitigate AMR risks in Zambia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14111126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:14:45Z","timestamp":1762506885000},"page":"1126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antimicrobial Consumption and Utilisation in Zambia: Results from the Analysis of National Data for the Human and Animal Health Sectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Steward","family":"Mudenda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Yamweka","family":"Chizimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9490-5609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Daka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa","family":"Kasanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Webrod","family":"Mufwambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Mwangilwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8973-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimmy","family":"Hangoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8937-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikwanda","family":"Chileshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4013-7843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ntombi B.","family":"Mudenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taona","family":"Sinyawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amon","family":"Siame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6480-6885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mwendalubi","family":"Hadunka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred Mulako","family":"Simwinji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaunda","family":"Kaunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mpela","family":"Chibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Word Health Organization, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Muhimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6816-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elimas","family":"Jere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makomani","family":"Siyanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2542-8525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Lisulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Word Health Organization, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddie","family":"Masaninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Word Health Organization, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Mukale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Bambala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misheck","family":"Shawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9388-7986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Chileshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertha","family":"Chibwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4039-8469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercy","family":"Mukuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno S. J.","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Mainda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1313-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research Support, Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fusya","family":"Goma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6180-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Bwalya","family":"Muma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0221-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roma","family":"Chilengi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"743","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: One Health approach","volume":"15","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. 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