{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:30:26Z","timestamp":1781613026968,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Subclinical mastitis is a common and economically significant infection in dairy cows. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria causing subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in the Upper Cheliff Region, Northern Algeria, and to investigate the effects of subclinical mastitis on milk production and reproductive performance. Methods: A total of 263 cows from 23 farms were screened for subclinical mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and sampled for isolation and identification of bacteria by MALDI-TOF MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Vitek 2 system and disk diffusion method. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci and mammaliicocci was confirmed by mecA\/mecC detection. Results: The results revealed a prevalence of subclinical mastitis of 58.9% at the cow-level and 31.1% at the quarter-level. The most prevalent microorganisms identified were Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) (24.4%) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) (20.5%), followed by non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) (16.9%), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (7.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (7.08%). Risk factors significantly associated with the prevalence of subclinical mastitis included parity, lower milk production (&lt;12 L\/day), poor animal cleanliness and a history of previous mastitis. Reproductive performance was significantly impaired in cows with subclinical mastitis, cows with longer calving-to-first-service intervals (130 vs. 102.7 days; p &lt; 0.0001), more services per conception (2.5 vs. 1.9; p &lt; 0.0001) and a lower pregnancy rate at first service (24.5% vs. 48.1%; p &lt; 0.0001). Furthermore, 43.2% of cows with subclinical mastitis required three or more inseminations to achieve pregnancy. AST showed a low resistance rate for the antimicrobial agents most commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) showed remarkable rates of methicillin-resistance (22.2%), as well as resistance towards fosfomycin (37.8%) and tetracycline (31.1%). A substantial proportion of E. coli isolates exhibited resistance to piperacillin (40%) and ciprofloxacin (15%). All S. aureus isolates were classified as MSSA without detection of mecA and mecC genes. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that subclinical mastitis is prevalent in the Upper Cheliff region and is associated with reduced milk production and reproductive performance. The detection of pathogenic and resistant microorganisms in milk is alarming and requires effective management strategies to control subclinical mastitis and improve dairy farm productivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14121190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T09:02:07Z","timestamp":1763974927000},"page":"1190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacteria Causing Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows in the Upper Cheliff Region, Northern Algeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9503-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Khelili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioresources Natural Local, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Hassiba Ben-Bouali, Chlef 2010, Algeria"},{"name":"Faculty of Nature and Life and Earth Sciences, Djilali-Bounaama University, Khemis-Miliana 44001, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2873-0825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachid","family":"Achek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nature and Life and Earth Sciences, Djilali-Bounaama University, Khemis-Miliana 44001, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Assurance System, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3983-316X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed R.","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3139-6752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelkadir","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nature and Life and Earth Sciences, Djilali-Bounaama University, Khemis-Miliana 44001, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3707-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Nabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorisation of Biological Resources BVRB, Faculty of Sciences, Yahia Far\u00e8s University, M\u00e9dea 26000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5105-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira A.","family":"Moawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1866-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El-Hassen","family":"Lankri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioresources Natural Local, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Hassiba Ben-Bouali, Chlef 2010, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4207-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny A.","family":"Idelevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6391-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01957-4","article-title":"Influence of bovine sub-clinical mastitis and associated risk factors on calving interval in a population of crossbred lactating cows in Sri Lanka","volume":"51","author":"Rahularaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10381","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13023","article-title":"A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention","volume":"100","author":"Ruegg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3917","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25403","article-title":"Usefulness of differential somatic cell count for udder health monitoring: Identifying referential values for differential somatic cell count in healthy quarters and quarters with subclinical mastitis","volume":"108","author":"Fonseca","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12900","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20223","article-title":"Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in major milk-producing areas of Sri Lanka: Prevalence, associated risk factors, and effects on reproduction","volume":"104","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6965","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9642","article-title":"An estimation of the clinical mastitis incidence per 100 cows per year based on routinely collected herd data","volume":"98","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11465","article-title":"Factors associated with intramammary infection in dairy cows caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis, or Escherichia coli","volume":"100","author":"Taponen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.05.010","article-title":"Variation in herd level mastitis indicators between primi- and multiparae in Dutch dairy herds","volume":"96","author":"Lam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7675","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8913","article-title":"Risk factors for the occurrence of new and chronic cases of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in southern Brazil","volume":"98","author":"Cardozo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.02.010","article-title":"Pathogen group specific risk factors at herd, heifer and quarter levels for intramammary infections in early lactating dairy heifers","volume":"99","author":"Piepers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3715","article-title":"Invited review: Effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count","volume":"94","author":"Dufour","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2007.9695224","article-title":"Economic effects of bovine mastitis and mastitis management: A review","volume":"29","author":"Halasa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.20.0156","article-title":"Bovine mastitis: Risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments\u2014A review","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A.C., Laven, R., and Benites, N.R. (2021). Risk Factors Associated With Mastitis in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Southeast Brazil. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072089"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, J., Benavides, E., and Meza, C. (2018). Assessing Financial Impacts of Subclinical Mastitis on Colombian Dairy Farms. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00273"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4321","article-title":"Costs of clinical mastitis with special reference to premature culling","volume":"95","author":"Nousiainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600002220","article-title":"The impact of genetic selection for increased milk yield on the welfare of dairy cows","volume":"19","author":"Oltenacu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.11.006","article-title":"The cost of clinical mastitis in the first 30 days of lactation: An economic modeling tool","volume":"122","author":"Rollin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8454","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15127","article-title":"Quantifying the effects of mastitis on the reproductive performance of dairy cows: A meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Dolecheck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2005.00571.x","article-title":"Effects of clinical mastitis on ovarian function in post-partum dairy cows","volume":"40","author":"Huszenicza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16793","article-title":"Impact of subclinical mastitis on uterine health, reproductive performances and hormonal profile of Zebu \u00d7 Friesian crossbred dairy cows in and around Jimma town dairy farms, Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.03.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of mastitis pathogens","volume":"28","author":"Oliver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22267","article-title":"Invited review: Antimicrobial resistance in bovine mastitis pathogens: A review of genetic determinants and prevalence of resistance in European countries","volume":"106","author":"Slowey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khasapane, N.G., de Smidt, O., Lekota, K.E., Nkhebenyane, J., Thekisoe, O., and Ramatla, T. (2025). Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Determinants of Escherichia coli Isolates from Raw Milk of Dairy Cows with Subclinical Mastitis. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15131980"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1159366","article-title":"Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bloodstream infections","volume":"7","author":"Akova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.11.013","article-title":"The clinical impact of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of the clonal complex 398 for humans","volume":"200","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823001309","article-title":"Animal sources of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections in humans: A systematic review","volume":"151","author":"Fastl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.04.004","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in wildlife, food-producing, and companion animals: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.08.007","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance","volume":"10","author":"Frieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"MADR (2018). Statistiques Agricoles \u00abSuperficies et Productions\u00bb."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"41","article-title":"Production et mise sur le march\u00e9 du lait en Alg\u00e9rie, entre formel et informel: Strat\u00e9gies des \u00e9leveurs du p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre irrigu\u00e9 du Haut-Cheliff","volume":"13","author":"Belhadia","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Medit"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Djermoun, A. (2011). Effet de L\u2019adh\u00e9sion de l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie \u00e0 l\u2019OMC et \u00e0 la Zone de Libre-Echange Union Europ\u00e9enne\/Pays Tiers M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure]."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"54","article-title":"La production laiti\u00e8re bovine en Alg\u00e9rie: Capacit\u00e9 de production et typologie des exploitations des plaines du Moyen Cheliff","volume":"1","author":"Belhadia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Nat. Et Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2019.f384","article-title":"Feeding practices of dairy cows in Algeria: Characterization, typology, and impact on milk production and fertility","volume":"6","author":"Boukhechem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-024-02761-y","article-title":"Heat stress effect on fertility of two imported dairy cattle breeds from different Algerian agro-ecological areas","volume":"68","author":"Ferag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03872-1","article-title":"Welfare evaluation of dairy cows reared in the East of Algeria","volume":"56","author":"Kechroud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"650","article-title":"Effect of Subclinical Mastitis Detected in the First Month of Lactation on the Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows in Western Algeria","volume":"43","author":"Bouamra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Dairy Food Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"311","article-title":"Infectious aetiologies of subclinical bovine mastitis and antimicrobial susceptibility on northwest of Algeria","volume":"70","author":"Meskini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinaria"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02015-9","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of subclinical bovine mastitis in Algeria and molecular characterization of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"52","author":"Zaatout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2005.2.115","article-title":"Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: Food safety and public health implications","volume":"2","author":"Oliver","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02925-7","article-title":"Prevalence of bovine mastitis and main risk factors in Tunisia","volume":"53","author":"Maalaoui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105007","article-title":"A cross sectional study of prevalence and risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis and intramammary infections, in dairy herds linked to milk collection centers in Rwanda","volume":"179","author":"Ndahetuye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14402","article-title":"Identification of staphylococci causing mastitis in dairy cattle from Algeria and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"127","author":"Zaatout","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10457-2","article-title":"Risk factors for dairy cows mastitis in Algeria, antibiotic resistance and molecular typing of the causative Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"48","author":"Akkou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abed, A.H., Menshawy, A.M.S., Zeinhom, M.M.A., Hossain, D., Khalifa, E., Wareth, G., and Awad, M.F. (2021). Subclinical Mastitis in Selected Bovine Dairy Herds in North Upper Egypt: Assessment of Prevalence, Causative Bacterial Pathogens, Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Genes. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061175"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"929","article-title":"Subclinical mastitis in cattle in Algeria: Frequency of occurrence and bacteriological isolates","volume":"84","author":"Saidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. South Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-023-10187-x","article-title":"Non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci isolated from bovine milk in Italian dairy farms: A retrospective investigation","volume":"48","author":"Addis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczorowski, \u0141., Powierska-Czarny, J., Wolko, \u0141., Piotrowska-Cyplik, A., Cyplik, P., and Czarny, J. (2022). The Influence of Bacteria Causing Subclinical Mastitis on the Structure of the Cow\u2019s Milk Microbiome. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061829"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monistero, V., Graber, H.U., Pollera, C., Cremonesi, P., Castiglioni, B., Bottini, E., Ceballos-Marquez, A., Lasso-Rojas, L., Kroemker, V., and Wente, N. (2018). Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bovine Mastitis in Eight Countries: Genotypes, Detection of Genes Encoding Different Toxins and Other Virulence Genes. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201804.0325.v1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khasapane, N.G., Byaruhanga, C., Thekisoe, O., Nkhebenyane, S.J., and Khumalo, Z.T.H. (2023). Prevalence of subclinical mastitis, its associated bacterial isolates and risk factors among cattle in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Vet. Res., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03673-6"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2011.10233","article-title":"Relationship of Somatic Cell Count and Mastitis: An Overview","volume":"24","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12479","article-title":"Distribution of non-aureus staphylococci species in udder quarters with low and high somatic cell count, and clinical mastitis","volume":"100","author":"Condas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Buck, J., Ha, V., Naushad, S., Nobrega, D.B., Luby, C., Middleton, J.R., De Vliegher, S., and Barkema, H.W. (2021). Non-aureus Staphylococci and Bovine Udder Health: Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.658031"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bechtold, V., Petzl, W., Huber-Schlenstedt, R., and Sorge, U.S. (2024). Distribution of Bovine Mastitis Pathogens in Quarter Milk Samples from Bavaria, Southern Germany, between 2014 and 2023\u2014A Retrospective Study. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172504"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"413","article-title":"Evaluation of the California mastitis test to detect an intramammary infection with a major pathogen in early lactation dairy cows","volume":"44","author":"Dingwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Divers, T.J., and Peek, S.F. (2008). Chapter 8\u2014Diseases of the Teats and Udder. Rebhun\u2019s Diseases of Dairy Cattle, W.B. Saunders. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouzidi, S., Bourabah, A., Cheriet, S., Abbassi, M.S., Meliani, S., and Bouzidi, H. (2023). Occurrence of virulence genes and methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing subclinical bovine mastitis in Tiaret area, Algeria. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 76.","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovad003"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-20-198","article-title":"Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from milk of dairy cows with clinical mastitis in Algeria","volume":"83","author":"Tahar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"19","article-title":"Strat\u00e9gies des \u00e9leveurs laitiers du Cheliff (Alg\u00e9rie)","volume":"16","author":"Djermoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Medit."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"8","article-title":"Dairy production, breeding practices and characteristics of milk in dairy cattle farms in the mountains of Kabylie, Algeria","volume":"27","author":"Belkheir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Livest. Res. Rural Dev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhaji, N.B., Aliyu, M.B., Ghali-Mohammed, I., and Odetokun, I.A. (2019). Survey on antimicrobial usage in local dairy cows in North-central Nigeria: Drivers for misuse and public health threats. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224949"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.18548\/aspe\/0009.20","article-title":"Dry cow antimicrobials use to control mastitis in Northern Algeria","volume":"11","author":"Hamlaoui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spermova"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01905-2","article-title":"Aetiology and prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in peri-urban areas of Kigali in Rwanda","volume":"51","author":"Ndahetuye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006007","article-title":"Innate immunity of the bovine mammary gland","volume":"37","author":"Rainard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8323","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10093","article-title":"Short communication: Pre- and postmilking anatomical characteristics of teats and their associations with risk of clinical mastitis in dairy cows","volume":"99","author":"Ruegg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-013-0455-7","article-title":"Prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Kampala, Uganda","volume":"46","author":"Persson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.7439\/ijasr.v4i2.4615","article-title":"Sensitivity of various methods (CMT, CE and Indicator Paper) of subclinical cattle\u2019s mastitis diagnostic in some dairy cows breeding in east of Algeria","volume":"4","author":"Bouchoucha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(00)00104-5","article-title":"Udder health and risk factors for subclinical mastitis in organic dairy farms in Switzerland","volume":"44","author":"Busato","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"433","article-title":"Influence de quelques param\u00e8tres intrins\u00e8ques li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019animal sur la fr\u00e9quence des mammites subcliniques des vaches laiti\u00e8res","volume":"7","author":"Hamlaoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Mar. Sci. Agron. V\u00e9t"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.01.009","article-title":"Mediation analysis to estimate direct and indirect milk losses due to clinical mastitis in dairy cattle","volume":"118","author":"Detilleux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7266","article-title":"Pathogen-specific effects on milk yield in repeated clinical mastitis episodes in Holstein dairy cows","volume":"97","author":"Hertl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2013.1776.1780","article-title":"Prevalence and etiology of subclinical mastitis among buffaloes (Bubalus bubalus) in Namakkal, India","volume":"16","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/6518","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of sub-clinical mastitis in lactating cows: Detection by surf field mastitis test","volume":"6","author":"Tanwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"45","article-title":"Factors affecting the distribution of clinical mastitis among udder quarters in French dairy cows","volume":"28","author":"Lancelot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanek, P., \u017b\u00f3\u0142kiewski, P., and Janu\u015b, E. (2024). A Review on Mastitis in Dairy Cows Research: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Agriculture, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14081292"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73950-2","article-title":"Relationship between udder and leg hygiene scores and subclinical mastitis","volume":"86","author":"Schreiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"619","article-title":"The management practices associated with prevalence and risk factors of mastitis in large scale dairy farms in Thuringia, Germany (ii-Management and Hygienic)","volume":"1","author":"Fadlelmoula","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-134","article-title":"Sub-clinical mastitis and associated risk factors on lactating cows in the Savannah Region of Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Shittu","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-940X.2015.00080.7","article-title":"Short term changes in teats following machine milking with respect to quarter health status in cows","volume":"5","author":"Mir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"197","article-title":"The association between mastitis and reproductive performance in seasonally-calved dairy cows managed on a pasture-based system","volume":"46","author":"Molineri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1783","article-title":"Effect of high somatic cell counts on reproductive performance of Chilean dairy cattle","volume":"92","author":"Pinedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2112","article-title":"Naturally occurring mastitis effects on timing of ovulation, steroid and gonadotrophic hormone concentrations, and follicular and luteal growth in cows","volume":"93","author":"Lavon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(99)00089-5","article-title":"Endocrine profiles of dairy cows following experimentally induced clinical mastitis during early lactation","volume":"58","author":"Hockett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.17221\/34\/2019-VETMED","article-title":"The relationships between the somatic cell counts in the milk and the fertility of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows","volume":"64","author":"Siatka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982012000200033","article-title":"Association of the occurrence of some diseases with Trop Anim Health Prod reproductive performance and milk production of dairy herds in southern Brazil","volume":"41","author":"Filho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(00)00079-5","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitrite\/nitrate responses during acute mastitis induced by Escherichia coli infection and endotoxin in dairy cows","volume":"19","author":"Blum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(02)00147-9","article-title":"Cytokines in mammary lymph and milk during endotoxin-induced bovine mastitis","volume":"74","author":"Waller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75690-5","article-title":"Influence of clinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive performance of Jersey cows","volume":"81","author":"Barker","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)70172-5","article-title":"Influence of subclinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive parameters","volume":"84","author":"Schrick","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-7067-x","article-title":"Hydrogeochemical characterization and groundwater quality assessment in the intensive agricultural zone of the Upper Cheliff plain, Algeria","volume":"76","author":"Bouderbala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"575","article-title":"Impact of climate change and human activities on groundwater resources in the Alluvial Aquifer of upper Cheliff, Algeria","volume":"50","author":"Bouderbala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"39","article-title":"Sequential direct and inverse modeling of underground flows in the Upper Cheliff Alluvial Aquifer, Algeria","volume":"12","author":"Kaban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acque Sotter.-Ital. J. Groundw."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Sadoud, M., and Hocquette, J.F. (2022). La Filiere Viande Bovine en Alg\u00e9rie, L\u2019Harmattan."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"MADR (2021). Statistiques Agricoles, Superficies et Productions."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1","article-title":"D\u00e9tection de la mammite bovine par le test CMT dans les conditions de terrain en Alg\u00e9rie","volume":"77","author":"Saidani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. D\u2019\u00e9levage M\u00e9d. V\u00e9t. Pays Trop."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"National Mastitis Council (NMC) (2017). Laboratory Handbook on Bovine Mastitis, National Mastitis Council Inc.. Rev. Ed."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.37","article-title":"Phylogenetic classification and identification of bacteria by mass spectrometry","volume":"4","author":"Freiwald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"e00212","article-title":"Evaluation of a Novel Benchtop Tool for Acceleration of Sample Preparation for MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry","volume":"61","author":"Idelevich","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"CLSI (2024). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [34th ed.]. ISBN 978-1-68440-220-5 (Print), 978-68440-221-2 (Electronic)."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/12\/1190\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T09:43:11Z","timestamp":1763977391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/12\/1190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14121190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14121190","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]}}}