{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:24:10Z","timestamp":1793165050792,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Agricultural Research Department Agency","award":["POP6305030650 and POP6305030660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POP6305030650 and POP6305030660"]}]},{"name":"the 90th anniversary of Chulalongkorn university","award":["GCUGR1125652075D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCUGR1125652075D"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N42A660897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A660897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Second Century Fund (C2F) PhD scholarship","award":["6271010031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6271010031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study assessed the risk associated with third-generation cephalosporin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella from pork consumption by integrating phenotypic resistance profiles with genetic data to characterize the risks and transmission pathways. Methods: Salmonella were isolated from raw pork meat samples (n = 793) collected from fresh markets and hypermarkets across Bangkok during 2021\u20132022, of which 150 were extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and 31 were fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. Phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles were characterized. Quantitative antimicrobial resistance risk assessment (AMR RA) was conducted using a dose\u2013response model. Results: Salmonella spp. was detected in 42.75% of pork samples, with a higher prevalence in fresh markets (75.5%) than in hypermarket samples and with concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 180 MPN\/g. Twenty-eight percent of isolates were ESBL producers, with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance observed in 5.3% and 3.0%, respectively. The blaCTX-M55 genes were located on conjugative plasmids. Whole genome sequencing revealed both vertical and horizontal gene transfer. IncHI2\/N and IncC plasmids shared conserved backbones and resistance gene architectures, indicating horizontal dissemination of resistance genes. Phylogenomics suggested possible clonal transmission among pigs, pork, and humans. AMR RA estimated 88,194 annual illness cases per 100,000 people from ESBL-producing Salmonella and 61,877 from ciprofloxacin-resistant strain, compared with 95,328 cases predicted by QMRA from Salmonella contamination. Cooking pork at \u226564 \u00b0C for 3 min eliminated the risk in all scenarios. Sensitivity analysis identified initial contamination level and cooking temperature as key determinants. Conclusions: Raw pork meat consumption represents the highest risk, which can be mitigated by thorough cooking (&gt;64 \u00b0C, \u22653 min), while integrating genomic data enhances AMR hazard identification, source attribution, and exposure assessment. Therefore, promoting well-cooked meat consumption and safe cooking practices, alongside the use of AMR genetic data to inform targeted interventions, is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14121198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:31:52Z","timestamp":1764261112000},"page":"1198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrated Genetic Characterization and Quantitative Risk Assessment of Cephalosporin- and Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella in Pork from Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Thawanrut","family":"Kiatyingangsulee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si Thu","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin 15013, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rangsiya","family":"Prathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Food-Borne Pathogens, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songsak","family":"Srisanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Food-Borne Pathogens, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saharuetai","family":"Jeamsripong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Food-Borne Pathogens, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rungtip","family":"Chuanchuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Food-Borne Pathogens, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, April 01). 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