{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:24:46Z","timestamp":1793406286522,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The poultry industry plays a major role in the emergence and spread of foodborne zoonotic diseases, particularly those associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. These diseases pose substantial global public health challenges, and the increasing development of antimicrobial resistance further intensifies these concerns. In response, scientific efforts have expanded to develop and implement innovative technologies capable of mitigating the rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. Therapeutic bacteriophage supplementation has regained significant attention because it can selectively lyse specific bacteria, is cost-effective to produce, offers environmentally favorable characteristics, and provides several advantages over conventional antibiotics. Experimental studies have demonstrated that phage therapy is both safe and effective for controlling poultry-associated enteric pathogens. Phages can be applied at various stages of the poultry production chain, from rearing to processing and distribution, using multiple delivery strategies. Despite certain limitations, the targeted and well-regulated application of phage cocktails offers considerable potential as an alternative to antibiotics for managing MDR infections. The success of bacteriophage therapy depends on several factors, including the timing of administration, dosage, delivery method, and its integration with other therapeutic approaches. Therefore, developing a comprehensive understanding of bacteriophage utilization in poultry production is both timely and necessary. This review examines the applications, constraints, and future opportunities of phage therapy within the commercial poultry industry, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms through which bacteriophages control bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14121207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1764594182000},"page":"1207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of the Application of Bacteriophages Against Enteric Bacterial Infection in Poultry: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8215-2677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Muneeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1062-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsaan","family":"Ullah Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0390-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohail","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ijaz","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4949-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shumaila","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9842-1213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arooj","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8635-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham Assadi","family":"Soumeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4005-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali R.","family":"Al Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Protection Technologies Institute, Sustainability and Environment Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7998-0344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ala E.","family":"Abudabos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nhung, N.T., Chansiripornchai, N., and Carrique-Mas, J.J. (2017). Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Poultry Pathogens: A Review. Front. Vet. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00126"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1515\/ijfe-2021-0352","article-title":"Dietary Modeling of Greenhouse Gases Using Oecd Meat Consumption\/Retail Availability Estimates","volume":"19","author":"Lincke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.01.006","article-title":"Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens: A Paradigm of Enteric Infection by Clostridium perfringens Type A","volume":"15","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00091","article-title":"Factors Affecting Intestinal Health in Poultry","volume":"87","author":"Yegani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.590967","article-title":"Necrotic Enteritis in Broilers: An Updated Review on the Pathogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Timbermont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Reynolds, D.L. (2003). Multicausal Enteric Diseases. Diseases of Poultry, Iowa State University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"175","article-title":"Enteric Diseases of Poultry with Special Attention to Clostridium perfringens","volume":"3","author":"Hafez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00837-2","article-title":"Re-Calculating the Cost of Coccidiosis in Chickens","volume":"51","author":"Blake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.09.019","article-title":"Binding of Clostridium perfringens to Collagen Correlates with the Ability to Cause Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens","volume":"180","author":"Wade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guabiraba, R., and Schouler, C. (2015). Avian Colibacillosis: Still Many Black Holes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 362.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv118"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7010089","article-title":"Avian Colibacillosis and Salmonellosis: A Closer Look at Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns","volume":"7","author":"Kabir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2021.1883637","article-title":"Prebiotics Can Restrict Salmonella Populations in Poultry: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Shafi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silveira, V.A.I., Nishio, E.K., Freitas, C.A., Amador, I.R., Kobayashi, R.K., Caretta, T., Macedo, F., and Celligoi, M.A.P. (2019). Production and Antimicrobial Activity of Sophorolipid against Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter jejuni and Their Additive Interaction with Lactic Acid. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101287"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky043","article-title":"Applying Definitions for Multidrug Resistance, Extensive Drug Resistance and Pandrug Resistance to Clinically Significant Livestock and Companion Animal Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"73","author":"Sweeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450400013162","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens in Poultry: An Emerging Threat for Animal and Public Health","volume":"33","author":"Pasmans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3184\/003685018X15173975498947","article-title":"Global Restriction of Using Antibiotic Growth Promoters and Alternative Strategies in Poultry Production","volume":"101","author":"Salim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.12.017","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Microbiomes of Broilers and Layer Hens in Alternative Production Systems","volume":"99","author":"Ricke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/12.1.60","article-title":"Using Competitive Exclusion, Mannan-Oligosaccharide and Other Intestinal Products to Control Necrotic Enteritis","volume":"12","author":"Hofacre","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.09.005","article-title":"Rethinking Our Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens","volume":"17","author":"Rood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoelzer, K., Wong, N., Thomas, J., Talkington, K., Jungman, E., and Coukell, A. (2017). Antimicrobial Drug Use in Food-Producing Animals and Associated Human Health Risks: What, and How Strong, is the Evidence?. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1131-3"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lourenco, J.M., Nunn, S.C., Lee, E.J., Dove, C.R., Callaway, T.R., and Azain, M.J. (2020). Effect of Supplemental Protease on Growth Performance and Excreta Microbiome of Broiler Chicks. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040475"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zbikowska, K., Michalczuk, M., and Dolka, B. (2020). The Use of Bacteriophages in the Poultry Industry. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050872"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Rothrock, M.J., and Ricke, S.C. (2019). Applications of Microbiome Analyses in Alternative Poultry Broiler Production Systems. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00157"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2017.1373062","article-title":"Alternatives to Antibiotics in Poultry Feed: Molecular Perspectives","volume":"44","author":"Suresh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(03)00067-6","article-title":"Bacteriophage Observations and Evolution","volume":"154","author":"Ackermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1304.04067","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Bacteriophages against Salmonella gallinarum Infection in Chickens","volume":"23","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, P.J., Connerton, P.L., and Connerton, I.F. (2019). Phage Biocontrol of Campylobacter Jejuni in Chickens Does Not Produce Collateral Effects on the Gut Microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00476"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Belleghem, J.D., D\u0105browska, K., Vaneechoutte, M., Barr, J.J., and Bollyky, P.L. (2018). Interactions between Bacteriophage, Bacteria, and the Mammalian Immune System. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010010"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.24498","article-title":"Importance of Prophages to Evolution and Virulence of Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Fortier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone, E., Campbell, K., Grant, I., and McAuliffe, O. (2019). Understanding and Exploiting Phage-Host Interactions. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060567"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2014.902878","article-title":"Phage Therapy-Constraints and Possibilities","volume":"119","author":"Nilsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Upsala J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1241","article-title":"An Investigation on the Nature of Ultra-Microscopic Viruses","volume":"2","author":"Twort","year":"1961","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"373","article-title":"Sur Un Microbe Invisible Antagoniste Des Bacilles Dysent\u00e9riques","volume":"165","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1128\/br.40.4.793-802.1976","article-title":"Who Discovered Bacteriophage?","volume":"40","author":"Duckworth","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Gomez, C., Blanco-Picazo, P., Brown-Jaque, M., Quiros, P., Rodriguez-Rubio, L., Cerda-Cuellar, M., and Muniesa, M. (2019). Infectious Phage Particles Packaging Antibiotic Resistance Genes Found in Meat Products and Chicken Feces. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49898-0"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10400","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601060113","article-title":"Healthy Human Gut Phageome","volume":"113","author":"Manrique","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.39.073003.113656","article-title":"Switches in Bacteriophage Lambda Development","volume":"39","author":"Oppenheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1089","article-title":"The Future of Bacteriophage Biology","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"93","article-title":"Critical Evaluation of Bacteriophage to Prevent and Treat Colibacillosis in Poultry","volume":"63","author":"Huff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ark. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cieslik, M., Baginska, N., Jonczyk-Matysiak, E., Wegrzyn, A., Wegrzyn, G., and Gorski, A. (2021). Temperate Bacteriophages-the Powerful Indirect Modulators of Eukaryotic Cells and Immune Functions. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061013"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2017.16","article-title":"Lysogeny in Nature: Mechanisms, Impact and Ecology of Temperate Phages","volume":"11","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252319000161","article-title":"Efficacy of Experimental Phage Therapies in Livestock","volume":"21","author":"Dec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peh, E., Szott, V., Reichelt, B., Friese, A., R\u00f6sler, U., Pl\u00f6tz, M., and Kittler, S. (2023). Bacteriophage Cocktail Application for Campylobacter Mitigation-from in Vitro to in Vivo. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02963-1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2025.116333","article-title":"Reviving Hope: Phage Therapy Application for Antimicrobial Resistance in Farm Animal Production over the Past Decade","volume":"324","author":"Melaku","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2024.2330934","article-title":"An Updated Review on Alternative Strategies to Antibiotics against Necrotic Enteritis in Commercial Broiler Chickens","volume":"80","author":"Muneeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105809","article-title":"Effects of Bacteriophage Supplementation on Performance, Gut Health and Blood Biochemistry in Broilers Challenged with Necrotic Enteritis","volume":"193","author":"Muneeb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101472","article-title":"Efficacy of Phage Therapy in Poultry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"100","author":"Mosimann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00378","article-title":"The Influence of the Mode of Administration in the Dissemination of Three Coliphages in Chickens","volume":"88","author":"Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1646126","article-title":"Factors Determining Phage Stability\/Activity: Challenges in Practical Phage Application","volume":"17","author":"Kula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.05.014","article-title":"Formulation, Stabilisation and Encapsulation of Bacteriophage for Phage Therapy","volume":"249","author":"Malik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew260","article-title":"Temporal Distribution of Encapsulated Bacteriophages during Passage through the Chick Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"95","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0810-9","article-title":"Encapsulation of E. Coli Phage Zcec5 in Chitosan\u2013Alginate Beads as a Delivery System in Phage Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Abdelsattar","year":"2019","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Authority European Food Safety (2019). The European Union One Health 2018 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 17, e05926.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5926"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2010.02916.x","article-title":"Bacteriophage Applications: Where Are We Now?","volume":"51","author":"Monk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moye, Z.D., Woolston, J., and Sulakvelidze, A. (2018). Bacteriophage Applications for Food Production and Processing. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040205"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan, L.K., Barnes, H.J., Vaillancourt, J.P., Abdul-Aziz, T.A., and Logue, C.M. (2013). Colibacillosis, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421481.ch18"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1637\/11072-032315-Review","article-title":"Campylobacter in Poultry: Ecology and Potential Interventions","volume":"59","author":"Sahin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4ckel, C., Hammerl, J.A., and Hertwig, S. (2019). Campylobacter Phage Isolation and Characterization: What We Have Learned So Far. Methods Protoc., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/mps2010018"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"622","article-title":"The Bacteriophages of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"1959","journal-title":"Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02708","article-title":"Characterization of Bacteriophages Virulent for Clostridium perfringens and Identification of Phage Lytic Enzymes as Alternatives to Antibiotics for Potential Control of the Bacterium","volume":"92","author":"Seal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5311","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5311-5317.2002","article-title":"The Murein Hydrolase of the Bacteriophage \u03a63626 Dual Lysis System Is Active against All Tested Clostridium perfringens Strains","volume":"68","author":"Zimmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5128-y","article-title":"Expression and Delivery of an Endolysin to Combat Clostridium perfringens","volume":"98","author":"Gervasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loponte, R., Pagnini, U., Iovane, G., and Pisanelli, G. (2021). Phage Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040421"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogun, K., Peh, E., Meyer-K\u00fchling, B., Hartmann, J., Hirnet, J., Pl\u00f6tz, M., and Kittler, S. (2024). Investigating Bacteriophages as a Novel Multiple-Hurdle Measure against Campylobacter: Field Trials in Commercial Broiler Plants. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53365-w"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2024.2304628","article-title":"Evaluation of the in Vitro and in Vivo Efficiency of in-Feed Bacteriophage Cocktail Application to Control Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Broiler Chicks","volume":"53","author":"Pourabadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Avian. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2024.2321967","article-title":"Multiple Factorial Analysis of Growth Performance, Gut Population, Lipid Profiles, Immune Responses, Intestinal Histomorphology, and Relative Organ Weights of Cobb 500 Broilers Fed a Diet Supplemented with Phage Cocktail and Probiotics","volume":"23","author":"Shaufi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1218","article-title":"Effects of Bacteriophage Cocktail to Prevent Salmonella enteritidis in Native Broiler Chickens","volume":"11","author":"Thu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarrami, Z., Sedghi, M., Mohammadi, I., Bedford, M., Miranzadeh, H., and Ghasemi, R. (2023). Effects of Bacteriophage on Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Broilers. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38791-6"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ku\u017ami\u0144ska-Bajor, M., \u015aliwka, P., Korzeniowski, P., Kuczkowski, M., Moreno, D.S., Wo\u017aniak-Biel, A., \u015aliwi\u0144ska, E., and Grzymaj\u0142o, K. (2023). Effective Reduction of Salmonella enteritidis in Broiler Chickens Using the Upwr_S134 Phage Cocktail. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1136261"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217947","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2217947","article-title":"A Bacteriophage Cocktail Delivered in Feed Significantly Reduced Salmonella Colonization in Challenged Broiler Chickens","volume":"12","author":"Thanki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes. Infect."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan, C.A.P.-D., G\u00f3mez-Verduzco, G., M\u00e1rquez-Mota, C.C., T\u00e9llez-Isa\u00edas, G., Kwon, Y.M., Cort\u00e9s-Cuevas, A., Arce-Menocal, J., Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez, D., and \u00c1vila-Gonz\u00e1lez, E. (2022). Productive Performance and Cecum Microbiota Analysis of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Beta-Mannanases and Bacteriophages-a Pilot Study. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020169"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-G., Kim, Y.-B., Lee, S.-H., Moon, J.-O., Chae, J.-P., Kim, Y.-J., and Lee, K.-W. (2022). In Vivo Recovery of Bacteriophages and Their Effects on Clostridium perfringens-Infected Broiler Chickens. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9030119"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.02.015","article-title":"Bacteriophage Therapy as an Alternative Biocontrol against Emerging Multidrug Resistant E. Coli in Broilers","volume":"29","author":"Eid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-021-09501-0","article-title":"Applications of Bacteriophage Cocktails to Reduce Salmonella Contamination in Poultry Farms","volume":"14","author":"Evran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food. Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korzeniowski, P., \u015aliwka, P., Kuczkowski, M., Mi\u0161i\u0107, D., Milcarz, A., and Ku\u017ami\u0144ska-Bajor, M. (2022). Bacteriophage Cocktail Can Effectively Control Salmonella Biofilm in Poultry Housing. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.901770"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upadhaya, S.D., Ahn, J.M., Cho, J.H., Kim, J.Y., Kang, D.K., Kim, S.W., Kim, H.B., and Kim, I.H. (2021). Bacteriophage Cocktail Supplementation Improves Growth Performance, Gut Microbiome and Production Traits in Broiler Chickens. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00570-6"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019angelantonio, D., Scattolini, S., Boni, A., Neri, D., Di Serafino, G., Connerton, P., Connerton, I., Pomilio, F., Di Giannatale, E., and Migliorati, G. (2021). Bacteriophage Therapy to Reduce Colonization of Campylobacter Jejuni in Broiler Chickens before Slaughter. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081428"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.10.019","article-title":"Characterization of a Novel Bacteriophage Phicj22 and Its Prophylactic and Inhibitory Effects on Necrotic Enteritis and Clostridium perfringens in Broilers","volume":"100","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-021-09821-3","article-title":"Bacteriophage Mediated Control of Necrotic Enteritis Caused by C. Perfringens in Broiler Chickens","volume":"45","author":"Hosny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"27","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Bacteriophage on Production Performance and Excreta Microflora of Commercial Broiler and Layer Chickens in Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Noor","year":"2020","journal-title":"MOJ Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kittler, S., Mengden, R., Korf, I.H.E., Bierbrodt, A., Wittmann, J., Plotz, M., Jung, A., Lehnherr, T., Rohde, C., and Lehnherr, H. (2020). Impact of Bacteriophage-Supplemented Drinking Water on the E. Coli Population in the Chicken Gut. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040293"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinivasagam, H.N., Estella, W., Maddock, L., Mayer, D.G., Weyand, C., Connerton, P.L., and Connerton, I.F. (2020). Bacteriophages to Control Campylobacter in Commercially Farmed Broiler Chickens, in Australia. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00632"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2020.09.003","article-title":"Bacteriophage in-Feed Application: A Novel Approach to Preventing Salmonella enteritidis Colonization in Chicks Fed Experimentally Contaminated Feed","volume":"29","author":"Kimminau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"345","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficiency of Using Salmonella kentucky and Escherichia coli O119 Bacteriophages in the Treatment and Prevention of Salmonellosis and Colibacillosis in Broiler Chickens","volume":"71","author":"Sorour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.03.051","article-title":"Broad-Host-Range Salmonella Bacteriophage Stp4-a and Its Potential Application Evaluation in Poultry Industry","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5054","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez251","article-title":"Phage Cocktail Salmofree\u00ae Reduces Salmonella on a Commercial Broiler Farm","volume":"98","author":"Clavijo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1686822","article-title":"Evaluation of Bacteriophage Efficacy in Reducing the Impact of Single and Mixed Infections with Escherichia coli and Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens","volume":"9","author":"Tawakol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaz, C.S.L., Voss-Rech, D., Alves, L., Coldebella, A., Brentano, L., and Trevisol, I.M. (2020). Effect of Time of Therapy with Wild-Type Lytic Bacteriophages on the Reduction of Salmonella enteritidis in Broiler Chickens. Vet. Microbiol., 240.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108527"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1539056","article-title":"Assessing the Impact of Bacteriophages in the Treatment of Salmonella in Broiler Chickens","volume":"8","author":"Nabil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex109","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Bacteriophage Supplementation on Internal Organs, Fecal Excretion, and Ileal Immune Response in Laying Hens Challenged by Salmonella enteritidis","volume":"96","author":"Adhikari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew255","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded Phikaz14 Bacteriophage in the Biological Control of Colibacillosis in Chickens","volume":"96","author":"Kaikabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi, M., Torshizi, M.A.K., Rahimi, S., and Dennehy, J.J. (2016). Prophylactic Bacteriophage Administration More Effective Than Post-Infection Administration in Reducing Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Shedding in Quail. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01253"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2014.991272","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Bacteriophage on Performance, Egg Quality and Caecal Bacterial Populations in Laying Hens","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2014.09.005","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Bacteriophage on Growth Performance and Cecal Bacterial Populations in Broiler Chickens Raised in Different Housing Systems","volume":"170","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03360","article-title":"Bacteriophage-Induced Reduction in Salmonella enteritidis Counts in the Crop of Broiler Chickens Undergoing Preslaughter Feed Withdrawal","volume":"93","author":"Goncalves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, S., Kittler, S., Klein, G., and Glunder, G. (2013). Impact of a Single Phage and a Phage Cocktail Application in Broilers on Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni and Development of Resistance. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078543"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12544","article-title":"Evaluation of Bacteriophage Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Characteristics, Relative Organ Weight, Breast Muscle Characteristics and Excreta Microbial Shedding in Broilers","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12138","article-title":"Evaluation of Anti-Se Bacteriophage as Feed Additives to Prevent Salmonella enteritidis, (Se) in Broiler","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.06.004","article-title":"Use of Bacteriophage for Biological Control of Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Chicken","volume":"93","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12026","article-title":"Effects of Bacteriophage Supplementation on Egg Performance, Egg Quality, Excreta Microflora, and Moisture Content in Laying Hens","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6600","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01257-12","article-title":"Significance of the Bacteriophage Treatment Schedule in Reducing Salmonella Colonization of Poultry","volume":"78","author":"Bardina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1637\/9599-111210-Reg.1","article-title":"Efficacy of Bacteriophage Therapy on Horizontal Transmission of Salmonella gallinarum on Commercial Layer Chickens","volume":"55","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.4.733","article-title":"Application of a Group Ii Campylobacter Bacteriophage to Reduce Strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Colonizing Broiler Chickens","volume":"72","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food. Prot."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1637\/8091-082007-Reg","article-title":"Bacteriophage Treatment Reduces Salmonella Colonization of Infected Chickens","volume":"52","author":"Borie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00049-07","article-title":"Bacteriophage Therapy to Reduce Salmonella Colonization of Broiler Chickens","volume":"73","author":"Atterbury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.9.1904","article-title":"Ability of Bacteriophages Isolated from Different Sources to Reduce Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"86","author":"Higgins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6554","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.11.6554-6563.2005","article-title":"Bacteriophage Therapy to Reduce Campylobacter jejuni Colonization of Broiler Chickens","volume":"71","author":"Carrillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.06.002","article-title":"Phage Therapy Reduces Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Broilers","volume":"109","author":"Wagenaar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1637\/7286-100404R","article-title":"Use of Bacteriophages in Combination with Competitive Exclusion to Reduce Salmonella from Infected Chickens","volume":"49","author":"Toro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sevilla-Navarro, S., Torres-Boncompte, J., Garcia-Llorens, J., Bernabeu-Gimeno, M., Domingo-Calap, P., and Catala-Gregori, P. (2024). Fighting Salmonella infantis: Bacteriophage-Driven Cleaning and Disinfection Strategies for Broiler Farms. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1401479"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"e01756","article-title":"In-Feed Salmonella-Specific Phages Alter the Physiology, Intestinal Histomorphology, and Carcass and Meat Quality Parameters in Broiler Chickens","volume":"21","author":"Dlamini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Afri."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Z., Tang, N., Wang, X., Ren, H., Zhang, C., Zou, L., Han, L., Guo, L., and Liu, W. (2023). Characterization of a Lytic Escherichia coli Phage Ce1 and Its Potential Use in Therapy against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Infections. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1091442"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey414","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Phage Therapy Using a Cocktail Rather Than a Single Phage in the Control of Severe Colibacillosis in Quails","volume":"98","author":"Naghizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-04282","article-title":"Environmental Augmentation with Bacteriophage Prevents Colibacillosis in Broiler Chickens","volume":"93","author":"Huff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02916","article-title":"Method of Administration Affects the Ability of Bacteriophage to Prevent Colibacillosis in 1-Day-Old Broiler Chickens","volume":"92","author":"Huff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.05.015","article-title":"In Vivo Efficiency Evaluation of a Phage Cocktail in Controlling Severe Colibacillosis in Confined Conditions and Experimental Poultry Houses","volume":"146","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-00904","article-title":"Efficacy of a Bacteriophage Isolated from Chickens as a Therapeutic Agent for Colibacillosis in Broiler Chickens","volume":"89","author":"Lau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1637\/8953-060509-Reg.1","article-title":"Bacteriophage Therapy for Control of Necrotic Enteritis of Broiler Chickens Experimentally Infected with Clostridium perfringens","volume":"54","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/85.8.1373","article-title":"Evaluation of the Influence of Bacteriophage Titer on the Treatment of Colibacillosis in Broiler Chickens","volume":"85","author":"Huff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.12.1944","article-title":"Therapeutic Efficacy of Bacteriophage and Baytril, (Enrofloxacin) Individually and in Combination to Treat Colibacillosis in Broilers","volume":"83","author":"Huff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/81.4.437","article-title":"Prevention of Escherichia Coli Respiratory Infection in Broiler Chickens with Bacteriophage, (Spr02)","volume":"81","author":"Huff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"241","article-title":"Application of Bacteriophage Preparation Bafasal\u00ae in Broiler Chickens Experimentally Exposed to Salmonella spp","volume":"2","author":"Wojtasik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommer, J., Trautner, C., Witte, A.K., Fister, S., Schoder, D., Rossmanith, P., and Mester, P.J. (2019). Don\u2019t Shut the Stable Door after the Phage Has Bolted-the Importance of Bacteriophage Inactivation in Food Environments. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050468"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sillankorva, S.M., Oliveira, H., and Azeredo, J. (2012). Bacteriophages and Their Role in Food Safety. Int. J. Microbiol., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/863945"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagens, S., De Vegt, B., and Peterson, R. (2018). Efficacy of a Commercial Phage Cocktail in Reducing Salmonella Contamination on Poultry Products-Laboratory Data and Industrial Trial Data. Int. J. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.22175\/rmc2018.136"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex062","article-title":"Reduction of Salmonella in Ground Chicken Using a Bacteriophage","volume":"96","author":"Grant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.025","article-title":"Reduction of Salmonella on Chicken Meat and Chicken Skin by Combined or Sequential Application of Lytic Bacteriophage with Chemical Antimicrobials","volume":"207","author":"Sukumaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.037","article-title":"Bacteriophage P22 to Challenge Salmonella in Foods","volume":"191","author":"Zinno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.009","article-title":"Use of a Bacteriophage Cocktail to Control Salmonella in Food and the Food Industry","volume":"165","author":"Spricigo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02793-12","article-title":"Wksl3, a New Biocontrol Agent for Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium in Foods: Characterization, Application, Sequence Analysis, and Oral Acute Toxicity Study","volume":"79","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.02.032","article-title":"Use of Bacteriophages to Reduce Salmonella in Chicken Skin in Comparison with Chemical Agents","volume":"52","author":"Hungaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4172\/1747-0862.1000049","article-title":"Control of Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica by Virulent Bacteriophages","volume":"6","author":"Orquera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.7.1141","article-title":"Use of a Specific Bacteriophage Treatment to Reduce Salmonella in Poultry Products","volume":"84","author":"Higgins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5032","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.8.5032-5036.2003","article-title":"Reduction of Experimental Salmonella and Campylobacter Contamination of Chicken Skin by Application of Lytic Bacteriophages","volume":"69","author":"Goode","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6302","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.10.6302-6306.2003","article-title":"Application of Host-Specific Bacteriophages to the Surface of Chicken Skin Leads to a Reduction in Recovery of Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"69","author":"Atterbury","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex124","article-title":"Bacteriophage Use to Control Salmonella Biofilm on Surfaces Present in Chicken Slaughterhouses","volume":"96","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00087-15","article-title":"Selection and Characterization of Phage-Resistant Mutant Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Reveal Host Genes Linked to Phage Adsorption","volume":"81","author":"Denes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinay, M., Franche, N., Gregori, G., Fantino, J.R., Pouillot, F., and Ansaldi, M. (2015). Phage-Based Fluorescent Biosensor Prototypes to Specifically Detect Enteric Bacteria Such as E. coli and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131466"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00442-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00442-20","article-title":"Engineered Reporter Phages for Rapid Bioluminescence-Based Detection and Differentiation of Viable Listeria Cells","volume":"86","author":"Meile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasyagin, E.A., Zykova, A.A., Mardanova, E.S., Nikitin, N.A., Shuklina, M.A., Ozhereleva, O.O., Stepanova, L.A., Tsybalova, L.M., Blokhina, E.A., and Ravin, N.V. (2024). Influenza A Vaccine Candidates Based on Virus-like Particles Formed by Coat Proteins of Single-Stranded RNA Phages Beihai32 and PQ465. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12091033"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01926-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01926-18","article-title":"A Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticle-Based Dual Vaccine against Anthrax and Plague","volume":"9","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, X., Pan, P., Ye, J.J., Zhang, Q.L., and Zhang, X.Z. (2022). Hybrid M13 Bacteriophage-Based Vaccine Platform for Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomaterials, 289.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121763"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.06.025","article-title":"Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticles for Vaccine Delivery against Infectious Diseases","volume":"145","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25991","article-title":"A Historical Overview of Bacteriophage Therapy as an Alternative to Antibiotics for the Treatment of Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Wittebole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2174\/138920108785161604","article-title":"The Use of Phages for the Removal of Infectious Biofilms","volume":"9","author":"Azeredo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Du, F., Long, M., and Li, P. (2022). Limitations of Phage Therapy and Corresponding Optimization Strategies: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27061857"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110790725311","article-title":"Phage Choice, Isolation, and Preparation for Phage Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Gill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.47","article-title":"Phage Cocktails and the Future of Phage Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carascal, M.B., Cruz-Papa, D.M.D., Remenyi, R., Cruz, M.C.B., and Destura, R.V. (2022). Phage Revolution against Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Pathogens in Southeast Asia. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.820572"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2508(91)90187-F","article-title":"The Activity in the Chicken Alimentary Tract of Bacteriophages Lytic for Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"142","author":"Berchieri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2011.07.001","article-title":"Control of Listeria Monocytogenes Growth in a Ready-to-Eat Poultry Product Using a Bacteriophage","volume":"28","author":"Bigot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thanki, A.M., Hooton, S., Gigante, A.M., Atterbury, R.J., and Clokie, M.R. (2021). Potential Roles for Bacteriophages in Reducing Salmonella from Poultry and Swine. Salmonella spp.\u2014A Global Challenge, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.96984"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1694905","article-title":"Biological Challenges of Phage Therapy and Proposed Solutions: A Literature Review","volume":"17","author":"Caflisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-025-09686-5","article-title":"Invasive Bacteriophages between a Bell and a Hammer: A Comprehensive Review of Pharmacokinetics and Bacterial Defense Systems","volume":"55","author":"Hamdi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discover Life"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-025-00735-y","article-title":"Recent Insights on Challenges Encountered with Phage Therapy against Gastrointestinal-Associated Infections","volume":"17","author":"Youssef","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.07.014","article-title":"Phage Therapy in the Resistance Era: Where Do We Stand and Where Are We Going?","volume":"42","author":"Luong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-023-00245-8","article-title":"Positive and Negative Aspects of Bacteriophages and Their Immense Role in the Food Chain","volume":"8","author":"Ranveer","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00254-24","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00254-24","article-title":"Targeted Phage Hunting to Specific Klebsiella Pneumoniae Clinical Isolates Is an Efficient Antibiotic Resistance and Infection Control Strategy","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurt, K.C., Kurt, H., Toku\u00e7, E., \u00d6zbey, D., Arabac\u0131, D.N., Ayd\u0131n, S., G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc, N., Skurnik, M., and Tokman, H.B. (2025). Isolation and Characterization of New Lytic Bacteriophage Psa-Kc1 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91073-1"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00681","article-title":"Engineering Phages to Fight Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria","volume":"125","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.10.259","article-title":"From Forgotten Cure to Modern Medicine: The Resurgence of Bacteriophage Therapy","volume":"39","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03784-23","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03784-23","article-title":"Broad Host Range Phages Target Global Clostridium Perfringens Bacterial Strains and Clear Infection in Five-Strain Model Systems","volume":"12","author":"Thanki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulani, M.S., Kamble, E.E., Kumkar, S.N., Tawre, M.S., and Pardesi, K.R. (2019). Emerging Strategies to Combat Eskape Pathogens in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00539"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, S., He, X., and Tong, Y. (2022). Editorial: Phage Biology and Phage Therapy. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.891848"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haines, M.E.K., Hodges, F.E., Nale, J.Y., Mahony, J., van Sinderen, D., Kaczorowska, J., Alrashid, B., Akter, M., Brown, N., and Sauvageau, D. (2021). Analysis of Selection Methods to Develop Novel Phage Therapy Cocktails against Antimicrobial Resistant Clinical Isolates of Bacteria. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.613529"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0042824","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00428-24","article-title":"Gut Phages and Their Interactions with Bacterial and Mammalian Hosts","volume":"207","author":"Godsil","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina, F., Menor-Flores, M., Fern\u00e1ndez, L., Vega-Rodr\u00edguez, M.A., and Garc\u00eda, P. (2022). Systematic Analysis of Putative Phage-Phage Interactions on Minimum-Sized Phage Cocktails. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06422-1"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peez, C., Chen, B., Henssler, L., Chitt\u00f2, M., Onsea, J., Verhofstad, M.H.J., Arens, D., Constant, C., Zeiter, S., and Obremskey, W. (2025). Evaluating the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Phage Therapy in Treating Fracture-Related Infections with Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Intravenous versus Local Application in Sheep. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1547250"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17093","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902018000117093","article-title":"Phage Therapy: Progress in Pharmacokinetics","volume":"54","author":"Qadir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.farma.2025.07.007","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Studies of Phage Therapy","volume":"49","author":"Blasco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Farm. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Toussaint, B., Munoz Pineiro, A., and Pirnay, J. (2024). Overview and Outlook of Phage Therapy and Phage Biocontrol, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Sousa, J.A.M., and Rocha, E.P.C. (2019). Environmental Structure Drives Resistance to Phages and Antibiotics during Phage Therapy and to Invading Lysogens during Colonisation. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39773-3"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300355","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202300355","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Phages and Their Current Applications in Antimicrobial Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S384","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad497","article-title":"Therapeutic Phage Monitoring: A Review","volume":"77","author":"Bosco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (2016). Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Listex\u2122 P100 for Reduction of Pathogens on Different Ready-to-Eat, (Rte) Food Products. EFSA J., 14, e04565.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4565"},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"Naureen, Z., Malacarne, D., Anpilogov, K., Dautaj, A., Camilleri, G., Cecchin, S., Bressan, S., Casadei, A., Albion, E., and Sorrentino, E. (2020). Comparison between American and European Legislation in the Therapeutical and Alimentary Bacteriophage Usage. Acta. Biomed., 91."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104048","article-title":"Therapeutic Applications of Lytic Phages in Human Medicine","volume":"142","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Van Belleghem, J.D., de Vries, C.R., Burgener, E., Chen, Q., Manasherob, R., Aronson, J.R., Amanatullah, D.F., Tamma, P.D., and Suh, G.A. (2021). The Safety and Toxicity of Phage Therapy: A Review of Animal and Clinical Studies. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0231.v1"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woolston, J., and Sulakvelidze, A. (2015). Bacteriophages and Food Safety, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0025962"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.8.1682","article-title":"Optimizing Concentration and Timing of a Phage Spray Application to Reduce Listeria Monocytogenes on Honeydew Melon Tissue","volume":"67","author":"Leverentz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2015.06.006","article-title":"Bacteriophage Cocktail Significantly Reduces or Eliminates Listeria Monocytogenes Contamination on Lettuce, Apples, Cheese, Smoked Salmon and Frozen Foods","volume":"52","author":"Perera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soffer, N., Woolston, J., Li, M., Das, C., and Sulakvelidze, A. (2017). Bacteriophage Preparation Lytic for Shigella Significantly Reduces Shigella sonnei Contamination in Various Foods. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175256"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6230","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01465-08","article-title":"Bacteriophages Reduce Experimental Contamination of Hard Surfaces, Tomato, Spinach, Broccoli, and Ground Beef by Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"74","author":"Abuladze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.7.1481","article-title":"Effectiveness of Bacteriophages in Reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Fresh-Cut Cantaloupes and Lettuce","volume":"72","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.22825","article-title":"Bacteriophage Cocktail Significantly Reduces Escherichia coli O157","volume":"2","author":"Carter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24620","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.24620","article-title":"Biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157","volume":"3","author":"Boyacioglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-517","article-title":"Additive Approach for Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella spp. On Contaminated Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Using Bacteriophage Cocktail and Produce Wash","volume":"76","author":"Magnone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.01.007","article-title":"Effect of Ultraviolet Light, Organic Acids, and Bacteriophage on Salmonella Populations in Ground Beef","volume":"139","author":"Yeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2017.02.010","article-title":"Antibacterial Efficacy of Nisin, Bacteriophage P100 and Sodium Lactate against Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Sliced Pork Ham","volume":"48","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2013.08.018","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Bacteriophage in Reducing Listeria Monocytogenes on Fresh-Cut Fruits and Fruit Juices","volume":"38","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2016.2189","article-title":"Evaluation of Bacteriophage Application to Cattle in Lairage at Beef Processing Plants to Reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence on Hides and Carcasses","volume":"14","author":"Arthur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1220347","DOI":"10.1080\/21597081.2016.1220347","article-title":"Bacteriophages Safely Reduce Salmonella Contamination in Pet Food and Raw Pet Food Ingredients","volume":"6","author":"Soffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagel, T.E., Chan, B.K., De Vos, D., El-Shibiny, A., Kang\u2019EThe, E.K., Makumi, A., and Pirnay, J.-P. (2016). The Developing World Urgently Needs Phages to Combat Pathogenic Bacteria. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00882"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/12\/1207\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:33:32Z","timestamp":1764596012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/12\/1207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14121207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14121207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}