{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:42:40Z","timestamp":1788338560553,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UCSD Department of Pediatrics Pilot Grant"},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["1K22AI159917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K22AI159917"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["K08AI151253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08AI151253"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NCATS","award":["UM1TR004927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1TR004927"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children and are predominantly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). An increasing proportion of these strains produce extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs), which render \u03b2-lactam antibiotics ineffective. Interestingly, some patients with ESBL-producing UTIs improve clinically following treatment with antibiotics like cephalexin, despite demonstrated in vitro resistance. Working alongside and at times synergistically with antibiotics, host immune factors, such as the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37), contribute to bacterial clearance through direct killing and inhibition of biofilm formation. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of pediatric ESBL-producing UPEC infections and present selected in vitro and in vivo experimental data evaluating the combined effects of LL-37 and cephalexin on clinical isolates. Although no synergy was observed, ESBL-producing isolates demonstrated reduced bacterial burden in vivo compared to a non-ESBL UPEC strain. These findings suggest that host immune factors and environmental conditions may influence the fitness and virulence of drug-resistant UTI pathogens, warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14121284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T11:08:28Z","timestamp":1766056108000},"page":"1284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Pediatric UTIs: A Review of the Literature and Selected Experimental Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9426-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Tamas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0330-278X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erlinda R.","family":"Ulloa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Kumaraswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4451-2034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira","family":"Dahesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Center for Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Zurich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Center for Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3847-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Nizet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Center for Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1871-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison","family":"Coady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003777","article-title":"Increasing Prevalence of Pediatric Community-Acquired UTI by Extended Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing E. coli: Cause for Concern","volume":"42","author":"Collingwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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