{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T03:25:08Z","timestamp":1781061908361,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Burn wound infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus remain a major clinical challenge, leading to delayed healing and high mortality. Natural compounds derived from the Lamiaceae family possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that may modulate wound recovery. This study aimed to evaluate the dual modulatory effects of Satureja montana and Origanum vulgare hydrolate-loaded hydrogels on modulation of infection and skin recovery in an experimental rabbit model of S. aureus-infected burns. Methods: Full-thickness (grade IIIa) thermal burns were induced in 25 male New Zealand White rabbits, followed by inoculation with S. aureus (108\u2013109 CFU\/mL). Animals were divided into five groups: sham control, burn-infection control, standard-of-care intervention, Satureja montana hydrolate intervention, and Origanum vulgare hydrolate intervention. Treatments were applied twice daily for 14 days. Bacterial load (CFU\/g), biochemical markers, histological parameters, and multiplex immunohistochemical indices (Ki-67, CD68, CD163) were analyzed. Results: Both hydrolate-based formulations exhibited pronounced antibacterial effects, significantly reducing S. aureus counts by day 14 compared to untreated burns (p &lt; 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced cell proliferation and a rapid shift from pro-inflammatory M1 (CD68+) to reparative M2 (CD163+) macrophages, indicating effective immune resolution. The hydrolate-loaded hydrogels effectively combined antimicrobial activity with tissue-regenerative and immunomodulatory effects. The S. montana formulation demonstrated superior performance, representing a promising adjunctive therapy for infected burn wounds. Conclusions: This study represents the first comparative in vivo evaluation of S. montana and O. vulgare hydrolate-loaded hydrogels in a complex S. aureus-infected burn model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15010020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:19:26Z","timestamp":1766420366000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dual Modulation of Infection and Skin Recovery by Lamiaceae Hydrolate Hydrogels in S. aureus-Infected Burns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8447-2600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grigory","family":"Demyashkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass, 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str, 8\/2, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7170-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Parshenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass, 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alibek","family":"Tokov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str, 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Sataieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Medical Institute Named After S.I. Georgievsky, Crimean Federal University Named After V.I. Vernadsky, Lenina Boulevard, 5\/7, 29505 Simferopol, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatoly","family":"Kubyshkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General and Clinical Pathophysiology Department, Medical Institute Named After S.I. Georgievsky, Crimean Federal University Named After V.I. Vernadsky, Lenina Boulevard, 5\/7, 29505 Simferopol, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3763-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Shchekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass, 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str, 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Popov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, Medical Institute, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Kuzminov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Medical Institute Named After S.I. Georgievsky, Crimean Federal University Named After V.I. Vernadsky, Lenina Boulevard, 5\/7, 29505 Simferopol, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Zabroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str, 8\/2, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Volodkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str, 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7195-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill","family":"Blinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Immunohistochemistry, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str, 8\/2, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Shegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass, 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Kaprin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Oncomorphology, National Medical Research Centre of Radiology, 2nd Botkinsky Pass, 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, September 04). 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