{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:10:52Z","timestamp":1788307852934,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200143"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/20031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/20031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Canine skin and ear infections are common in small-animal practice and increasingly complicated by multidrug resistance (MDR), yet data from Serbia are limited. This study aimed to describe the bacterial etiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns in canine otitis externa and pyoderma. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed laboratory records from the Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade (January 2017\u2013August 2024). A total of 422 non-invasive swabs from clinically ill dogs were included (ears: n = 210; skin: n = 212). Bacterial identification used conventional methods and commercial systems, and disk-diffusion susceptibility testing followed CLSI\/EUCAST guidance. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci was assessed by cefoxitin\/oxacillin screening; MRSA was confirmed by PCR and PBP2a detection. Resistance trends were compared between 2017\u20132020 and 2021\u20132024. Results: The leading pathogens were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (ears 48.1%; skin 79.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ears 29.1%; skin 7.6%). Staphylococci showed high resistance to macrolides, clindamycin, tetracycline, and first-line \u03b2-lactams (amoxicillin\u2013clavulanate, cephalexin), with the highest susceptibilities to amikacin, florfenicol, and rifampicin. P. aeruginosa remained most susceptible to amikacin, polymyxin B, and imipenem. Between the two periods, S. pseudintermedius resistance increased to amikacin, fusidic acid, and cephalexin, while resistance to florfenicol decreased. P. aeruginosa resistance to imipenem increased. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) was 27.4% (74\/270). MDR S. pseudintermedius and MDR P. aeruginosa were identified in 38.5% and 53.3% of isolates, respectively. One isolate of each species was resistant to all tested drugs. Conclusions: These findings confirm high levels of antimicrobial resistance in major canine skin and ear pathogens and emphasize the need for susceptibility-based therapy, rational antimicrobial use, and ongoing surveillance in small-animal practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1766498722000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Canine Skin and Ear Infections in Serbia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5363-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidora","family":"Pro\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6328-7446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branislav","family":"Vejnovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-8922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Du\u0161an","family":"Mi\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2287-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Radalj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3106-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Nik\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2546-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ksenija","family":"Aksentijevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8651-0057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Radoji\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8824-8347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Gajdov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Veterinary Institute \u201cNovi Sad\u201d, 21113 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2185-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Ili\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"VDC Veterinary Clinic, Jovana Raji\u0107a 5, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6857-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalija","family":"Mil\u010di\u0107 Mati\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3817-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan","family":"Krnjai\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nocera, F.P., Ambrosio, M., Fiorito, F., Cortese, L., and De Martino, L. (2021). On Gram-Positive- and Gram-Negative-Bacteria-Associated Canine and Feline Skin Infections: A 4-Year Retrospective Study of the University Veterinary Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratory of Naples, Italy. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061603"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosales, R.S., Ram\u00edrez, A.S., Moya-Gil, E., de la Fuente, S.N., Su\u00e1rez-P\u00e9rez, A., and Poveda, J.B. (2024). Microbiological Survey and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Microorganisms Obtained from Suspect Cases of Canine Otitis Externa in Gran Canaria, Spain. 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