{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:24:28Z","timestamp":1791433468451,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Foundation of the Fujian Province, China","award":["2024J010036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J010036"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of Xiamen City, China","award":["3502Z202473089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3502Z202473089"]}]},{"name":"Digital Deep-sea Typical Habitats Programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Aeromonas hydrophila is a common bacterial pathogen that causes hemorrhagic septicaemia in several farmed aquaculture species. Phage therapy is considered a promising and feasible alternative to antibiotic treatment. Methods: In this study, an A. hydrophila-infecting jumbo phage Z90 was isolated from an aquaculture pond. The biological characteristics, genomic features, and in vitro and in vivo experiments were investigated to evaluate its application potential. Results: Phage Z90 was a myovirus with distinctive curled tail fibers. Additionally, phylogenetic and genomic analyses found that the phage Z90 was a novel virus belonging to the genus Ferozepurvirus of the family Chimalliviridae. One-step growth curve analysis revealed that the phage Z90 was a lytic phage, exhibiting a short latency period of 20 min and a relatively large burst size of 270 \u00b1 42 PFU\/cell. The phage Z90 particles were stable at psychrotrophic and mesophilic temperatures (10\u201350 \u00b0C) and a wide range of pH (pH 3\u201312). Genomic analysis revealed that the phage Z90 did not contain any genes encoding toxins, virulence factors, or antibiotic resistance factors. In vivo analysis demonstrated that the phage Z90 protected American eels from A. hydrophila infection, greatly increasing eel survival rates and alleviating symptoms caused by bacterial infections. The comparison of different phage administration methods suggested that phage Z90 was better administered through intraperitoneal injection than immersion in aquaculture water. Moreover, the combination of phage Z90 and ampicillin improved the bactericidal effect and reduced the treatment dosage compared to antibiotics or phage alone. Conclusions: Altogether, the findings of this study indicate that the phage Z90 can serve as a promising biocontrol agent for the treatment of A. hydrophila infection in aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15010027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:33:25Z","timestamp":1767191605000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Isolation, Characterization, and Evaluation of a Lytic Jumbo Phage Z90 Against Aeromonas hydrophila in American Eels (Anguilla rostrata)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Miaosen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5405-2960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science and Technology School, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361000, China"},{"name":"Fujian Ocean Innovation Center, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108834","article-title":"The influence of dietary Coenzyme Q10 on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila of juvenile European eel (Anguilla anguilla)","volume":"138","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141uczy\u0144ska, J., Nowosad, J., \u0141uczy\u0144ski, M.J., and Kucharczyk, D. (2023). Evaluation of Chemical Elements, Lipid Profiles, Nutritional Indices and Health Risk Assessment of European Eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032257"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741599","article-title":"Current research on bacterial diseases in eel: An immunological perspective","volume":"595","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.734932","article-title":"First expression and immunogenicity study of a novel trivalent outer membrane protein (OmpII-U-A) from Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio vulnificus and Edwardsiella anguillarum","volume":"519","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.12.060","article-title":"Immunization of a novel outer membrane protein from Aeromonas hydrophila simultaneously resisting A. hydrophila and Edwardsiella anguillarum infection in European eels (Angullia angullia)","volume":"97","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741654","article-title":"Biological analysis of phage vB_AhaP_PT2 and treatment rescued crucian carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"595","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0020524","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00205-24","article-title":"Genomic transfer via membrane vesicle: A strategy of giant phage phiKZ for early infection","volume":"98","author":"Antonova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2022.101293","article-title":"Isolation, identification, and characterization of pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila from critically endangered Acipenser baerii","volume":"26","author":"Bakiyev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00848-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00848-14","article-title":"An Asian origin of virulent Aeromonas hydrophila responsible for disease epidemics in United States-farmed catfish","volume":"5","author":"Hossain","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/naaq.10090","article-title":"Direct Economic Impact of Fish Diseases on the East Mississippi Catfish Industry","volume":"81","author":"Peterman","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109504","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of host anti-Aeromonas hydrophila infection revealed the pathogenicity of A. hydrophila to American eels (Anguilla rostrata)","volume":"148","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2020.1777815","article-title":"Antibiotic resistome in the livestock and aquaculture industries: Status and solutions","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01220-6","article-title":"Perspectives on phage therapy for health management in aquaculture","volume":"32","author":"Rai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokolova, M.L., Misovetc, I., and Severinov, K.V. (2020). Multisubunit RNA Polymerases of Jumbo Bacteriophages. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101064"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"JVI0239120","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02391-20","article-title":"Comparative Genomics of Three Novel Jumbo Bacteriophages Infecting Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"95","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S330560","article-title":"Emerging Aspects of Jumbo Bacteriophages","volume":"14","author":"Nazir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischetti, V.A. (2018). Development of Phage Lysins as Novel Therapeutics: A Historical Perspective. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10060310"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8811-1","article-title":"Applications of bacteriophages versus phage enzymes to combat and cure bacterial infections: An ambitious and also a realistic application?","volume":"102","author":"Maciejewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12743-6","article-title":"Genomic and proteomic characterization of vB_SauM-UFV_DC4, a novel Staphylococcus jumbo phage","volume":"107","author":"Melo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-03001-4","article-title":"Characterization of a novel Jumbo phage JP4 with potential to control pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00362-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00362-20","article-title":"Intracellular Organization by Jumbo Bacteriophages","volume":"203","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, D., Kim, H., Lee, Y., Kim, J., and Ryu, S. (2023). Characterization and genomic study of EJP2, a novel jumbo phage targeting antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1194435"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imam, M., Alrashid, B., Patel, F., Dowah, A.S.A., Brown, N., Millard, A., Clokie, M.R.J., and Galyov, E.E. (2019). vB_PaeM_MIJ3, a Novel Jumbo Phage Infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Possesses Unusual Genomic Features. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02772"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leskinen, K., Blasdel, B.G., Lavigne, R., and Skurnik, M. (2016). RNA-Sequencing Reveals the Progression of Phage-Host Interactions between \u03c6R1-37 and Yersinia enterocolitica. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8040111"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.02.132","article-title":"The study of the phiKZ phage non-canonical non-virion RNA polymerase","volume":"511","author":"Orekhova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyer, L.M., Anantharaman, V., Krishnan, A., Burroughs, A.M., and Aravind, L. (2021). Jumbo Phages: A Comparative Genomic Overview of Core Functions and Adaptions for Biological Conflicts. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010063"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10501","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01347-14","article-title":"Development of giant bacteriophage \u03d5KZ is independent of the host transcription apparatus","volume":"88","author":"Ceyssens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22239-3","article-title":"Xanthomonas citri jumbo phage XacN1 exhibits a wide host range and high complement of tRNA genes","volume":"8","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, T.S., Nguyen, T.H., Vo, H.P., Doan, V.C., Nguyen, H.L., Tran, M.T., Tran, T.T., Southgate, P.C., and Kurtb\u00f6ke, D. (2018). Protective Effects of Bacteriophages against Aeromonas hydrophila Species Causing Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) in Striped Catfish. Antibiotics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics7010016"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.110011","article-title":"Protective immune-response of Aeromonas hydrophila phage lysate in crucian carp against direct virulent challenge with A. hydrophila-TPS","volume":"155","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, C., Jia, K., Chi, T., Chen, S., Yu, H., Zhang, L., Haidar Abbas Raza, S., Alshammari, A.M., Liang, S., and Zhu, Z. (2022). Lytic Bacteriophage PZL-Ah152 as Biocontrol Measures Against Lethal Aeromonas hydrophila Without Distorting Gut Microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.898961"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janelidze, N., Jaiani, E., Didebulidze, E., Kusradze, I., Kotorashvili, A., Chalidze, K., Porchkhidze, K., Khukhunashvili, T., Tsertsvadze, G., and Jgenti, D. (2022). Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila Phage AhMtk13a and Evaluation of Its Therapeutic Potential on Simulated Aeromonas Infection in Danio rerio. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020412"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740925","article-title":"The evaluation of bacteriophage therapy in aquaculture: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"588","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-024-03951-3","article-title":"Oral feed-based administration of phage cocktail protects rohu fish (Labeo rohita) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection","volume":"206","author":"Rai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107785","article-title":"Application of a novel phage ZPAH7 for controlling multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila on lettuce and reducing biofilms","volume":"122","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112432","article-title":"Identifying the core genome of the nucleus-forming bacteriophage family and characterization of Erwinia phage RAY","volume":"42","author":"Prichard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0046321","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00463-21","article-title":"Genome and Ecology of a Novel Alteromonas Podovirus, ZP6, Representing a New Viral Genus, Mareflavirus","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1041","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1041","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome and phenotype analysis revealed the role and mechanism of ompR in the virulence of fish pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.03.010","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel conserved 46 kD maltoporin of Aeromonas hydrophila as a versatile vaccine candidate in European eel (Anguilla anguilla)","volume":"64","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, H., Shi, K., Hsiao, M., Li, W., Liu, X., Xu, J., Yang, Y., and Zhang, R. (2025). Two virulent Vibrio campbellii phages with potential for phage therapy in aquaculture. BMC Microbiol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03803-0"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e964081","DOI":"10.4161\/21597073.2014.964081","article-title":"Phage fitness may help predict phage therapy efficacy","volume":"4","author":"Lindberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.743215","article-title":"A broad-spectrum vibriophage with potential for phage therapy against Vibrio alginolyticus in shrimp aquaculture","volume":"612","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Y., Wu, Z., Ren, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y.A., and Zhou, Y. (2023). Characterization and application of a lytic jumbo phage ZPAH34 against multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1178876"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110506","article-title":"A lytic vibriophage as a potential biocontrol agent against vibriosis in aquaculture","volume":"165","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish. Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12090","article-title":"Influence of environmental variables in the efficiency of phage therapy in aquaculture","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thanki, A.M., Brown, N., Millard, A.D., and Clokie, M.R.J. (2019). Genomic Characterization of Jumbo Salmonella Phages That Effectively Target United Kingdom Pig-Associated Salmonella Serotypes. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01491"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.03.005","article-title":"Sequential membrane- and protein-bound organelles compartmentalize genomes during phage infection","volume":"33","author":"Armbruster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gkae1194","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1194","article-title":"Genome-wide identification of bacterial genes contributing to nucleus-forming jumbo phage infection","volume":"53","author":"Harding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11723","article-title":"Bacteriophage genes that inactivate the CRISPR\/Cas bacterial immune system","volume":"493","author":"Pawluk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0612-5","article-title":"A jumbo phage that forms a nucleus-like structure evades CRISPR-Cas DNA targeting but is vulnerable to type III RNA-based immunity","volume":"5","author":"Malone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1786-y","article-title":"A bacteriophage nucleus-like compartment shields DNA from CRISPR nucleases","volume":"577","author":"Mendoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414a","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2022.11.2247","article-title":"Investigating the early stages of infection of nucleus-forming jumbo phage","volume":"122","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.05.016","article-title":"Characterization of a lipid-based jumbo phage compartment as a hub for early phage infection","volume":"32","author":"Mozumdar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70024","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.70024","article-title":"Phage-Based Biocontrol Strategies and Application in Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122594","article-title":"Making waves: Intelligent phage cocktail design, a pathway to precise microbial control in water systems","volume":"268","author":"Hegarty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2025.111424","article-title":"Exploring the efficacy of bacteriophage cocktails for mitigating Vibrio contamination within the seafood production chain: A feasible approach to microbial risk management","volume":"177","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53994-9","article-title":"A blueprint for broadly effective bacteriophage-antibiotic cocktails against bacterial infections","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Li, Z., Elbaz, A., and Ni, S.Q. (2023). Synergistic action of phages and lytic proteins with antibiotics: A combination strategy to target bacteria and biofilms. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02881-2"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735193","article-title":"Characterization and application of a novel Aeromonas bacteriophage as treatment for pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout","volume":"523","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, R., Yadav, R., Kumar, D., Chaube, R., and Nath, G. (2023). Evaluation of bacteriophage therapy of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in a freshwater fish, Pangasius buchanani. Front. Aquac., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/faquc.2023.1201466"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01324.x","article-title":"Recent advances in bacteriophage therapy: How delivery routes, formulation, concentration and timing influence the success of phage therapy","volume":"63","author":"Ryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donati, V.L., Dalsgaard, I., Sundell, K., Castillo, D., Er-Rafik, M., Clark, J., Wiklund, T., Middelboe, M., and Madsen, L. (2021). Phage-Mediated Control of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in Aquaculture: In vivo Experiments to Compare Delivery Methods. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.628309"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.742619","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic study of Vibrio parahaemolyticus phage \u03a6vp140 in Litopenaeus vannamei following oral administration","volume":"606","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736390","article-title":"Protective effectiveness of feeding phage cocktails in controlling Vibrio harveyi infection of turbot Scophthalmus maximus","volume":"535","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H., Huang, W., Lin, K.T., Zhang, Q., Deng, Y., Zhang, R., and Ma, R. (2025). A virulent phage vB_VpaP_R28Z infecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus with potential for therapeutic application. BMC Microbiol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04133-x"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00037-24","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00037-24","article-title":"Characterization and comparative genomic analysis of a marine Bacillus phage reveal a novel viral genus","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, X., Yan, W., Wang, A., Ma, R., Chen, X., Lin, T.H., Chen, Y.L., Wei, S., Jin, T., and Jiao, N. (2021). A Novel Broad Host Range Phage Infecting Alteromonas. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13060987"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm009","article-title":"Identifying bacterial genes and endosymbiont DNA with Glimmer","volume":"23","author":"Delcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.12.2607","article-title":"GeneMarkS: A self-training method for prediction of gene starts in microbial genomes. Implications for finding sequence motifs in regulatory regions","volume":"29","author":"Besemer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx440","article-title":"VICTOR: Genome-based phylogeny and classification of prokaryotic viruses","volume":"33","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx157","article-title":"ViPTree: The viral proteomic tree server","volume":"33","author":"Nishimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moraru, C., Varsani, A., and Kropinski, A.M. (2020). VIRIDIC-A Novel Tool to Calculate the Intergenomic Similarities of Prokaryote-Infecting Viruses. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.05.188268"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79924-9","article-title":"Phage cocktail amikacin combination as a potential therapy for bacteremia associated with carbapenemase producing colistin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"14","author":"Shein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/1\/27\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:54:27Z","timestamp":1767192867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/1\/27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15010027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15010027","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}}}