{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:51:52Z","timestamp":1792684312176,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["E-26\/210.373\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.373\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301267\/2025-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301267\/2025-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CAPES-PrInt\/UERJ 88881.311598\/2018-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES-PrInt\/UERJ 88881.311598\/2018-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcus agalactiae are bacteria that can cause a range of infections, some of them life-threatening. Currently, antimicrobial resistance has become a global problem that puts public health at risk. Despite the widespread use of \u03b2-lactams, penicillin remains the first-line antimicrobial for the treatment of invasive S. agalactiae infections. However, reduced susceptibility and resistance to penicillin have been identified in several countries. Penicillin-binding proteins, mainly PBP2X, have been associated with reduced susceptibility to \u03b2-lactams in streptococci. The aim of this review is to summarize currently published data on penicillin-binding proteins in S. agalactiae and penicillin susceptibility, highlighting the increasing number of strains with reduced susceptibility and resistance to penicillin commonly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of invasive infections by this pathogen. Data on invasive S. agalactiae strains with high levels of penicillin resistance have been found in Japan, the United States, Canada, and Africa. The data on antibiotic resistance are alarming and require increased monitoring of strains with reduced penicillin susceptibility, as well as preventive control measures to avoid the spread of resistant mutant strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15010031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:11:46Z","timestamp":1767352306000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Streptococcus agalactiae and Their Association with Reduced Penicillin Susceptibility: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9503-8782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Nagao Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Souza Marques Technical Education Foundation, Souza Marques School of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro 22793-140, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4226-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna Alves","family":"Pimentel Hecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5303-6395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisy Sanches","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6007-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prescilla Emy","family":"Nagao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0007-2018","article-title":"Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)","volume":"7","author":"Raabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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