{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:40:27Z","timestamp":1767354027208,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Minas Gerais Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RED-00008-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED-00008-14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation","award":["130529\/2020-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130529\/2020-6"]}]},{"name":"Biotechnology Graduate Program (PPGBiotec), Center for Biological and Health Sciences (CCBS), Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This research aimed to investigate the antifungal and antibiofilm action of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LaEO) against certain Candida species and its toxicity on human keratinocytes. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (SMIC) of LaEO were both determined by broth microdilution assays. The influence of LaEO treatment on the ultrastructural morphology of the biofilm and germ tubes was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were conducted using human HaCaT epidermal keratinocytes. Results: LaEO showed fungicidal action for all Candida species (125\u20134000 \u03bcg\/mL). The SMIC&gt;90 (C. albicans) ranged between 10,000 and 20,000 \u03bcg\/mL and resulted in quantitative and qualitative cellular changes. LaEO also inhibited the developmental germ tube kinetics of C. albicans. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CI50) for HaCaT cells was estimated at 420 \u03bcg\/mL of LaEO, resulting in a selectivity index (SI) of 0.376 to 5.753 for planktonic cells and 0.056 to 0.321 for biofilm phases. Conclusions: LaEO was found to have antifungal action against Candida species and inhibited the pathogenic morphology of C. albicans. Its antibiofilm effects are comparable to the antifungal agent nystatin, and it can become an important component for the development of natural products applicable to alternative and complementary medicine and dentistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15010041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:11:46Z","timestamp":1767352306000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil as a Developmental Inhibitor of Candida Species and Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7579-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Bassinello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (FOP\/UNICAMP), Limeira Avenue, 901, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9917-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Fabiano Gomes","family":"Boriollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (FOP\/UNICAMP), Limeira Avenue, 901, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Morphology and Pathology, Biotechnology Graduate Program (PPGBiotec), Center for Biological and Health Sciences (CCBS), Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), Washington Lu\u00eds Road, Km 235, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5356-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janaina Priscila","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (FOP\/UNICAMP), Limeira Avenue, 901, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7818-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wagner Lu\u00eds de Carvalho","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Pathology, Biotechnology Graduate Program (PPGBiotec), Center for Biological and Health Sciences (CCBS), Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), Washington Lu\u00eds Road, Km 235, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1128-3427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateus Cardoso","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nursing and Health, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), Jos\u00e9 Moreira Sobrinho Avenue, Jequi\u00e9 45205-490, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Tadeu dos Santos","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exact Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (ESALQ\/USP), 11 P\u00e1dua Dias Avenue, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-5085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Paiva de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Pathology, Biotechnology Graduate Program (PPGBiotec), Center for Biological and Health Sciences (CCBS), Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), Washington Lu\u00eds Road, Km 235, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520956975","article-title":"Critically Appraising the Significance of the Oral Mycobiome","volume":"100","author":"Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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