{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:40Z","timestamp":1787027500821,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20H02289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H02289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23H03553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23H03553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24K15322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K15322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Nippon Foundation of Japan-Osaka University Project for Infectious Disease Prevention"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21HA1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21HA1002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24HA1003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24HA1003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP22fk0108131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22fk0108131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP25fk0108666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25fk0108666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hospitals are recognized as point sources of antimicrobials in urban wastewater systems; however, comprehensive evaluations of their discharge profiles have not yet been conducted. Methods: This study presents a multi-site investigation of residual antimicrobial concentrations in effluents from five general hospitals and a commercial facility in the metropolitan area of Japan. Over a 12-week period (December 2023\u2013March 2024), extensive sampling was conducted. Fifteen antimicrobials from multiple classes were quantified using high-throughput analysis. Results: The results revealed consistently higher concentrations in hospital effluents, particularly for levofloxacin, vancomycin, and ampicillin, than in non-clinical sites. Distinct facility-specific and temporal patterns suggest strong links between local prescribing practices and the effluent composition. Some compounds, such as clarithromycin and minocycline, showed dual contributions from both hospital and commercial sources. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for source-targeted monitoring and antimicrobial pollution control strategies and provide a foundation for expanding surveillance efforts and informing environmental policies related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15010050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:38:56Z","timestamp":1767616736000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["First Multi-Facility Antimicrobial Surveillance in Japanese Hospital Wastewater Reveals Spatiotemporal Trends and Source-Specific Environmental Loads"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-0631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Azuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Tsukada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miwa","family":"Katagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itaru","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidefumi","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, Tokyo 162-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9619-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keita","family":"Tatsuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 101-8643, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8916-4663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Ohmagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"},{"name":"Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"},{"name":"Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176280","article-title":"Assessment of ecological risks posed by veterinary antibiotics in european aquatic environments: A comprehensive review and analysis","volume":"954","author":"Albarano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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