{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:07:28Z","timestamp":1787170048867,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Republic of Armenia","award":["24RL-1D014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24RL-1D014"]}]},{"name":"Science Committee of the Republic of Armenia","award":["25SC-CNR-1D008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25SC-CNR-1D008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), evolutionarily conserved components of innate immunity characterized by their broad-spectrum efficacy and minimal resistance development, are increasingly recognized as promising therapeutic candidates. This review aims to integrate current knowledge concerning natural and synthetic antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic effectiveness in addressing gastrointestinal infections. Methods: A literature review was performed, evaluating recent peer-reviewed studies on AMPs. The research concentrated on their molecular mechanisms of action, antimicrobial spectrum, and their interactions with standard antibiotics. More in detail, the peptide classes examined herein included defensins, cathelicidins, histatins, and various natural peptides such as lactoferricin, protamines, RegIII, and hepcidin, along with synthetic analogs like WR12, D-IK8, MSI-78, and IMX942. Results: Natural AMPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. Beyond direct antimicrobial activity, antimicrobial peptides act as integrated anti-infective agents not only by modulating host\u2013microbiota interactions, but also preserving epithelial barrier integrity, and limiting inflammation, thereby offering a multifaceted strategy to control gastrointestinal infections. On the other hand, synthetic peptides showed improved stability, reduced cytotoxicity, and synergistic interactions with antibiotics, which suggests that they could be used either alone or in combination with other treatments. Conclusions: AMPs constitute a promising category endowed with anti-infective activity, especially for therapy of intestinal diseases, which is attributed to their distinctive anti-infective mechanisms, immune-modulating characteristics, and a relatively low propensity for resistance development compared to conventional antibiotics. However, more clinical trials and improvements to their formulation are needed to translate promising in vitro results into reliable patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15010068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:10:50Z","timestamp":1767867050000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Natural and Synthetic Peptides as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Intestinal Infections\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9791-6917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lala","family":"Stepanyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Production Center \u201cArmbiotechnology\u201d NAS RA, 14 Gyurjyan Str., Yerevan 0056, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Israyelyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Production Center \u201cArmbiotechnology\u201d NAS RA, 14 Gyurjyan Str., Yerevan 0056, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1640-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCITEC\u2014Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avetis","family":"Tsaturyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Production Center \u201cArmbiotechnology\u201d NAS RA, 14 Gyurjyan Str., Yerevan 0056, Armenia"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian Str., Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaklina","family":"Saribekyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Production Center \u201cArmbiotechnology\u201d NAS RA, 14 Gyurjyan Str., Yerevan 0056, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Hovsepyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Production Center \u201cArmbiotechnology\u201d NAS RA, 14 Gyurjyan Str., Yerevan 0056, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6275-0665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatevik","family":"Sargsyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Production Center \u201cArmbiotechnology\u201d NAS RA, 14 Gyurjyan Str., Yerevan 0056, Armenia"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian Str., Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Pastore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences Vincenzo Tiberio, University of Molise, Via F. De Santis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3905-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via Luciano Armanni, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6065-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni N.","family":"Roviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Tommaso De Amicis 95, 80145 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, November 10). 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