{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T04:31:46Z","timestamp":1783830706869,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22fk0108131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22fk0108131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP25fk0108666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25fk0108666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistomes in hospital and community wastewater can provide valuable insights into the diversity and distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), contributing to the advancement of the One Health approach. This study aimed to characterize and compare the resistome profiles of wastewater sources from a hospital and community. Methods: Longitudinal metagenomic analysis was conducted on wastewater samples collected from the National Center for Global Health and Medicine (hospital) and a shopping mall (community) in Tokyo, Japan, between December 2019 and September 2023. ARG abundance was quantified using reads per kilobase per million mapped reads (RPKM) values, and comparative analyses were performed to identify the significantly enriched ARGs in the two sources. Results: A total of 46 monthly wastewater samples from the hospital yielded 825 unique ARGs, with a mean RPKM of 2.5 across all detected genes. In contrast, 333 ARGs were identified in the three shopping mall wastewater samples, with a mean RPKM of 2.1. Among the ARGs significantly enriched in the hospital samples, 23, including genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (nine groups) and \u03b2-lactam antibiotics (eight groups), exhibited significantly high RPKM values. No ARGs were found to be significantly enriched in the community wastewater samples. Conclusions: This study highlights the higher diversity and abundance of ARGs, particularly those conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and \u03b2-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems, in hospital wastewater than in community wastewater. These findings underscore the importance of continuous resistome monitoring of hospital wastewater as part of the integrated One Health surveillance strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15010099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T13:02:07Z","timestamp":1768914127000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Environmental Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Resistome-Based Comparison of Hospital and Community Wastewater Sources"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Taito","family":"Kitano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"},{"name":"Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"},{"name":"Large-Scale Data Archiving and Processing Section, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo 186-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-0631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Azuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-1094, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Tsukada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Hibino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Coordination Office, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi-machi, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Ohmagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"},{"name":"Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022). 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