{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:32:26Z","timestamp":1787027546252,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAID+O, National University of Litoral, Argentina","award":["21820210100071LI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21820210100071LI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to assess the presence of thermotolerant Campylobacter resistant to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin in poultry slaughterhouses and retail markets, as well as to characterize their multidrug resistance profiles, genetic determinants, and clonal relationships. Methods: Samples were collected at slaughterhouses from cecal content (n = 270), neck skin (n = 270), and wastewater (n = 9), and at retail markets from breast skin (n = 241). Isolates were obtained from mCCDA agar supplemented with ciprofloxacin (2 \u03bcg\/mL) and identified as C. jejuni or C. coli by PCR. The agar microdilution test was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration for ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, and other critical antibiotics. Point mutations in gyrA (Thr86Ile) and 23S rRNA (A2075G), virulence genes (flaA, flhA, cadF, and cdt), and clonal relationships were assessed by PCR and PFGE. Results: At the slaughterhouses, thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. resistant to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin were detected in 48.55% (107\/549) of the samples, whereas 4.56% (11\/241) of retail samples were positive. The Thr86Ile substitution in gyrA and the A2075G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene were detected in 92.97% and 89.84% of the isolates, respectively. Most isolates (&gt;80%) were multidrug resistant and harbored key virulence genes (flaA, flhA, and cadF). C. jejuni exhibited the highest prevalence of cdt genes (76.19%). There was substantial genotypic diversity among isolates, with broad distribution across the sampled matrices and sites. Conclusions: These findings highlight the circulation of multidrug-resistant and potentially virulent thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in the later stages of the poultry meat supply chain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15020158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T14:12:46Z","timestamp":1770041566000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection and Characterization of Thermotolerant Campylobacter Resistant to Antibiotics of Priority Use in Humans Present in Broiler Slaughterhouses and Retail Markets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Florencia Aylen","family":"Lencina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL\/CONICET), Esperanza S3080, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Raquel","family":"Olivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL\/CONICET), Esperanza S3080, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8492-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Alberto","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL\/CONICET), Esperanza S3080, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Stegmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL\/CONICET), Esperanza S3080, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel\u00ed","family":"Sirini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL\/CONICET), Esperanza S3080, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laureano Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Frizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL\/CONICET), Esperanza S3080, Argentina"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Esperanza S3080, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8407-4378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena Paola","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Analysis, Institute of Veterinary Science (ICiVet Litoral), National University of the Litoral, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (UNL\/CONICET), Esperanza S3080, Argentina"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Esperanza S3080, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6537-8782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Lisandro","family":"Signorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Esperanza S3080, Argentina"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Dairy Chain Research Institute (IdICAL INTA-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Rafaela E2300, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7438-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Virginia","family":"Zbrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Litoral National University, Esperanza S3080, Argentina"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Dairy Chain Research Institute (IdICAL INTA-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Rafaela E2300, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukari, Z., Emmanuel, T., Woodward, J., Ferguson, R., Ezughara, M., Darga, N., and Lopes, B.S. (2025). The Global Challenge of Campylobacter: Antimicrobial Resistance and Emerging Intervention Strategies. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10010025"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252317000135","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Trends and Mechanisms in the Foodborne Pathogen, Campylobacter","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2021.08.002","article-title":"Bacterial Gastroenteritis","volume":"49","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-15","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infection","volume":"28","author":"Kaakoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.09.019","article-title":"Campylobacter Jejuni-Mediated Disease Pathogenesis: An Update","volume":"102","author":"Zilbauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redondo, N., Carroll, A., and McNamara, E. (2019). Molecular Characterization of Campylobacter Causing Human Clinical Infection Using Whole-Genome Sequencing: Virulence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Phylogeny in Ireland. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219088"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0183","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Genes of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Raw Milk, Fish, Poultry, and Red Meat","volume":"23","author":"Raeisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0055","article-title":"Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Its Association with Virulence Genes Related to Adherence, Invasion, and Cytotoxicity in Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli Isolates from Animals, Meat, and Humans","volume":"22","author":"Lapierre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Drug. Resist."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.04.009","article-title":"New and Alternative Strategies for the Prevention, Control, and Treatment of Antibiotic-Resistant Campylobacter","volume":"223","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portes, A.B., Panzenhagen, P., Pereira dos Santos, A.M., and Junior, C.A.C. (2023). Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter: A Systematic Review of South American Isolates. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030548"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.03.005","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Jejuni and C. Coli Identified in a Slaughterhouse in Argentina","volume":"5","author":"Schreyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0310","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance of Thermotolerant Campylobacter Species Isolated from Humans, Food-Producing Animals, and Products of Animal Origin: A Worldwide Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Signorini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Drug. Resist."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.12.026","article-title":"Genetic Diversity and Clonal Characteristics of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Campylobacter Jejuni Isolated from Chilean Patients with Gastroenteritis","volume":"58","author":"Collado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"001475","article-title":"Open Letter: Challenging the Removal of Key Bacteria from the Updated 2024 WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogen List","volume":"11","author":"Veltcheva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.23753","article-title":"Resistance Mechanisms in Campylobacter Jejuni","volume":"4","author":"Iovine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0166722","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01667-22","article-title":"Development of Fluoroquinolone Resistance through Antibiotic Tolerance in Campylobacter Jejuni","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR200356","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter in Animal Reservoirs: Dynamics of Development, Resistance Mechanisms and Ecological Fitness","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"4526576","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Macrolide Resistance in Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Poultry in South Korea","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6466","article-title":"Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Erythromycin Resistance in Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli Strains Isolated from Swine and Broiler Chickens","volume":"40","author":"Dias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotb, D.N., Mahdy, W.K., Mahmoud, M.S., and Khairy, R.M.M. (2019). Impact of Co-Existence of PMQR Genes and QRDR Mutations on Fluoroquinolones Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae Strains Isolated from Community and Hospital Acquired UTIs. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4606-y"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, M.X., Zhang, J.F., Sun, Y.H., Li, R.S., Lin, X.L., Yang, L., Webber, M.A., and Jiang, H.X. (2021). Contribution of Different Mechanisms to Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Salmonella spp.. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.663731"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00153-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00153-19","article-title":"Emerging Erm(B)-Mediated Macrolide Resistance Associated with Novel Multidrug Resistance Genomic Islands in Campylobacter","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., and Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040795"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1637\/11072-032315-Review","article-title":"Campylobacter in Poultry: Ecology and Potential Interventions","volume":"59","author":"Sahin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10072643","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Verraes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.11.019","article-title":"Campylobacteriosis: The Role of Poultry Meat","volume":"22","author":"Skarp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, D.J., Gabriel, E., Leatherbarrow, A.J.H., Cheesbrough, J., Gee, S., Bolton, E., Fox, A., Fearnhead, P., Hart, C.A., and Diggle, P.J. (2008). Tracing the Source of Campylobacteriosis. PLoS Genet., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000203"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (2024). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [34th ed.]. CLSI supplement M100."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Bacteria: Application of a One Health Approach, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2752","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter in Broiler Chicken Along the Food Chain in Canada","volume":"17","author":"Leclair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.05.009","article-title":"Campylobacter Species and Their Antimicrobial Resistance in Latvian Broiler Chicken Production","volume":"46","author":"Roasto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv382","article-title":"Species Shift and Multidrug Resistance of Campylobacter from Chicken and Swine, China, 2008\u201314","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.035","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Isolates in Broilers from China","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108641","article-title":"Prevalence, Genotypic Diversity and Detection of Virulence Genes in Thermotolerant Campylobacter at Different Stages of the Poultry Meat Supply Chain","volume":"326","author":"Rossler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2126-3","article-title":"Molecular Tracking of Salmonella spp. in Chicken Meat Chain: From Slaughterhouse Reception to End Cuts","volume":"53","author":"Dias","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khalaifah, H., Rahman, M.H., Al-Surrayai, T., Al-Dhumair, A., and Al-Hasan, M. (2025). A One-Health Perspective of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Human, Animals and Environmental Health. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15101598"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4265\/bio.20.179","article-title":"Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Poultry at a Slaughterhouse and Supermarkets in Japan","volume":"20","author":"Kojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14251","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14251","article-title":"Processing and Retail Strategies to Minimize Campylobacter Contamination in Retail Chicken","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2013.817294","article-title":"Occurrence of Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. at Different Stages of the Poultry Meat Supply Chain in Argentina","volume":"61","author":"Zbrun","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 21). Campylobacter. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/es\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/campylobacter."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.030","article-title":"Recovery of Campylobacter Jejuni from Surfaces of Poultry Slaughterhouses after Cleaning and Disinfection Procedures: Analysis of a Potential Source of Carcass Contamination","volume":"124","author":"Peyrat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7573","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04066-14","article-title":"Enhanced Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter Jejuni Biofilms by Natural Transformation","volume":"58","author":"Bae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-018-0092-z","article-title":"Survival of Campylobacter in the Food Chain and the Environment","volume":"5","author":"Kittler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda S\u00e1nchez, L., Melero Gil, B., and Rovira Carballido, J. (2017). Implicaci\u00f3n de Campylobacter spp. en la supervivencia y la persistencia a lo largo de la cadena alimentaria: Haciendo especial menci\u00f3n a resistencia antimicrobiana. Proceedings of the IV Jornadas de doctorandos de la Universidad de Burgos, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Espa\u00f1a, 13\u201314 December 2017, Universidad de Burgos."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-ferreira, N., Ferreira, V., and Teixeira, P. (2022). Occurrence and Multidrug Resistance of Campylobacter in Chicken Meat from Different Production Systems. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11131827"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, H., Ren, N., Han, J., Foley, S.L., Iqbal, Z., Cheng, G., Kuang, X., Liu, J., Liu, Z., and Dai, M. (2016). Virulence and Genomic Feature of Multidrug Resistant Campylobacter Jejuni Isolated from Broiler Chicken. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01605"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ARBA-0013-2017","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0013-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter spp.","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1067-1075.2005","article-title":"CmeR Functions as a Transcriptional Repressor for the Multidrug Efflux Pump CmeABC in Campylobacter Jejuni","volume":"49","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.03.045","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Thermotolerant Campylobacter Isolated from Different Stages of the Poultry Meat Supply Chain in Argentina","volume":"57","author":"Zbrun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408966102","article-title":"Enhanced in Vivo Fitness of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter Jejuni in the Absence of Antibiotic Selection Pressure","volume":"102","author":"Luo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quino, W., Caro-Castro, J., Hurtado, V., Flores-Le\u00f3n, D., Gonzalez-Escalona, N., and Gavilan, R.G. (2022). Genomic Analysis and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli in Peru. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.802404"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"147","article-title":"Determination of Antibiotic Resistance Using Three Phenotypic Methods in Campylobacter Coli Strains Isolated from Commercial Chicken Meat in Lima, Peru","volume":"42","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (2015). Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria: A Guideline for Global Application Developed through the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Consensus Process, M45, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340605","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/340605","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms among Campylobacter","volume":"2013","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.08.019","article-title":"An Investigation of the Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to High-Level Erythromycin Resistance in Campylobacter","volume":"27","author":"Corcoran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2014.582","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter Jejuni and C. Coli Isolated from Children with Diarrhea in Thailand and Japan","volume":"69","author":"Pham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2022.101618","article-title":"Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Properties of Thermophilic Campylobacter Coli Originating from Two Different Poultry Settings","volume":"27","author":"Rangaraju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108830","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Campylobacter Strains of Poultry and Human Origin from Poland","volume":"334","author":"Wysok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0132-2","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology, virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spreading in retail chicken meat in Central China","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.06.006","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Diversity of Campylobacter from Broilers Slaughtered in Poland","volume":"210","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01912-07","article-title":"Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Cytolethal Distending Toxin Production in Campylobacter Jejuni Isolates from Diarrheal Patients in Bangladesh","volume":"46","author":"Talukder","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganader\u00eda y Pesca (2025, December 03). Anuario Av\u00edcola 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.magyp.gob.ar\/sitio\/areas\/aves\/informes\/boletines\/_archivos\/240000_Anuario%20Av%C3%ADcola%202024.pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2017). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Horizontal Method for Detection and Enumeration of Campylobacter spp.\u2014Part 1: Detection Method (Standard No. ISO 10272-1:2017)."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-211","article-title":"Passage of Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli Subtypes through 0.45- and 0.65-Micrometer-Pore-Size Nitrocellulose Filters","volume":"80","author":"Berrang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-47-4-1055","article-title":"Campylobacter Hyoilei Alderton et al. 1995 and Campylobacter Coli Veron and Chatelain 1973 Are Subjective Synonyms","volume":"47","author":"Vandamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30745-8","article-title":"Enteric Campylobacter Infection in Gnotobiotic Calves and Lambs","volume":"43","author":"Terzolo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3276-3280.1999","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Campylobacter Jejuni Isolates: Detection of GyrA Resistance Mutations by Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay PCR and DNA Sequence Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zirnstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09253.x","article-title":"Characterization of GyrA Mutations Associated with Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter Coli by DNA Sequence Analysis and MAMA PCR","volume":"190","author":"Zirnstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.03.013","article-title":"MAMA-PCR Assay for the Detection of Point Mutations Associated with High-Level Erythromycin Resistance in Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli Strains","volume":"63","author":"Alonso","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.510-517.1999","article-title":"Identification of the Enteropathogens Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli Based on the CadF Virulence Gene and Its Product","volume":"37","author":"Konkel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6535","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6535-6541.2000","article-title":"Campylobacter Jejuni Cytolethal Distending Toxin Mediates Release of Interleukin-8 from Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"68","author":"Hickey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.10.029","article-title":"PCR Detection of Virulence-Associated Genes in Campylobacter Jejuni Strains with Differential Ability to Invade Caco-2 Cells and to Colonize the Chick Gut","volume":"113","author":"Schulze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05056-0","article-title":"Prevalence of 11 Pathogenic Genes of Campylobacter Jejuni by PCR in Strains Isolated from Humans, Poultry Meat and Broiler and Bovine Faeces","volume":"52","author":"Datta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1889-1894.2001","article-title":"Rapid Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Protocol for Subtyping of Campylobacter Jejuni","volume":"39","author":"Ribot","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/2\/158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T14:39:37Z","timestamp":1770043177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/2\/158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15020158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15020158","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}}}