{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:59:33Z","timestamp":1782791973445,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2024 Yeungnam University Research Grant","award":["224A580020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224A580020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. The aim of this study is to analyze changing trends in isolated organisms and antibiotic resistance of bacterial keratitis (BK) over 26 years. Methods. A retrospective medical record review included 542 strains isolated from 462 BK patients between 1998 and 2023. We analyzed routinely generated in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing results recorded in the laboratory information system and did not perform additional susceptibility testing for research purposes. The entire period was divided into two (first half: 1998\u20132010, 297 isolates from 255 patients; second half: 2011\u20132023, 245 isolates from 207 patients) and compared. Results. During the entire period, Staphylococcus spp. (32.3%) and Pseudomonas spp. (18.1%) were common isolates, and a significant increase in Acinetobacter spp. (1.3% vs. 10.6%, p &lt; 0.001) was observed. Among Gram-positive bacteria, methicillin resistance rates remained stable between the two periods (52.6% vs. 46.7%, p = 0.525), and an increase in vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE, 0% vs. 26.1%, p = 0.074) was found. Among Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), ciprofloxacin (7.5% vs. 14.4%, p = 0.108) and imipenem (2.9% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.255) resistance increased slightly, resistance to ceftazidime (8.3% vs. 8.8%, p &gt; 0.999) was maintained, and resistance to aminoglycosides (17.8% vs. 7.2%, p = 0.010) decreased. Conclusions. Our study suggests that conventional topical fortified antibiotic eye drops (tobramycin, ceftazidime) can still be considered as an empirical treatment option for BK. However, our findings revealed a long-term trend of increasing Acinetobacter spp. and VRE, as well as a slight trend of increasing resistance to ciprofloxacin and imipenem in GNB, which may present future challenges in BK treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15020207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:52:21Z","timestamp":1770979941000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trends of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Resistance Isolated from Patients with Bacterial Keratitis from a Tertiary Hospital in Southeastern Korea: A 26-Year Retrospective Medical Record Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4739-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan-Ho","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0993-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Bumm","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0424","article-title":"Infectious Keratitis in 2021","volume":"326","author":"Durand","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.3.482","article-title":"An Overview of the Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms of Bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Reygaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.04.007","article-title":"High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Organism Colonization in 28 Nursing Homes: An \u201cIceberg Effect\u201d","volume":"21","author":"McKinnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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