{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:32:36Z","timestamp":1783128756752,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Forschungsf\u00f6rderung (GFF) of Lower Austria","award":["FTI22-G-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FTI22-G-012"]}]},{"name":"F\u00f6rderstelle Wirtschaft, Tourismus und Technologie","award":["WST-F-5035462\/004-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WST-F-5035462\/004-2024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"Austrian Research Promotion Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["915477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["915477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Federal Provinces of Lower Austria and Tirol"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["465229237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465229237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Anschubfinanzierung A 2025 of Ulm University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global rise in antimicrobial resistance among the ESKAPE pathogens represents a major challenge to public health. Here, we report the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of the synthetic antimicrobial and pore-forming peptide C14R against all six ESKAPE species. Using a radial diffusion assay and resazurin-based viability testing, C14R exhibited a potent bactericidal effect with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), defined as the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that completely inhibits visible growth of planktonic microorganisms, ranging from 3.4 \u00b5g\/mL (Enterococcus faecium, vancomycin-resistant) to 45.2 \u00b5g\/mL (Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, ESBL). C14R also inhibited biofilm formation by Gram-positive pathogens, with minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs), referring to the minimal concentration required to prevent the development of biofilms, of 15.0 \u00b5g\/mL (Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) and 22.0 \u00b5g\/mL (E. faecium, VRE), whereas Gram-negative biofilms showed higher tolerance. Together, these findings demonstrate that C14R retains high activity against multidrug-resistant ESKAPE strains, highlighting its potential as a lead compound for the development of next-generation antimicrobial drugs to expand the portfolio of available antibiotics and brace health systems against emerging severe infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15020211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T11:11:28Z","timestamp":1771240288000},"page":"211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Antimicrobial Peptide C14R Is Active Against All Pathogenic Species of the ESKAPE Group"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7142-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gruber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Clinic of Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Christoph","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigory","family":"Bolotnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULMTeC Core Facility for Functional Peptidomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"ULMTeC Core Facility of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Preising","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULMTeC Core Facility for Functional Peptidomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8436-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludger","family":"St\u00e4ndker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULMTeC Core Facility for Functional Peptidomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7547-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Firacative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad de Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7552-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Spellerberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Clinic of Ulm, Frauensteige 12, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7164-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Kissmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9297-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Rosenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) (2026, February 12). As Antibiotic Discovery Stagnates: A Public Health Crisis Brews\u2014Bad Bugs, No Drugs. Available online: https:\/\/www.idsociety.org\/globalassets\/idsa\/policy--advocacy\/current_topics_and_issues\/antimicrobial_resistance\/10x20\/statements\/070104-as-antibiotic-discovery-stagnates-a-public-health-crisis-brews.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/595011","article-title":"Bad Bugs, No Drugs: No ESKAPE! An Update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"48","author":"Boucher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1086\/605539","article-title":"Bad Bugs, No Drugs: No ESCAPE Revisited","volume":"49","author":"Peterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1086\/533452","article-title":"Federal Funding for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance in Nosocomial Pathogens: No ESKAPE","volume":"197","author":"Rice","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.06.006","article-title":"The Burden of ESKAPE Pathogen-Related Hospital-Acquired Infections: Clinical and Financial Perspective from a Systematic Review","volume":"162","author":"Woh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"43","article-title":"The Clinical Importance of Emerging ESKAPE Pathogens in Nosocomial Infections","volume":"7","author":"Navidinia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Adv. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01054-w","article-title":"ESKAPE Pathogens: Antimicrobial Resistance, Epidemiology, Clinical Impact and Therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2030196","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Hospital-Acquired ESKAPE-E Infections in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Ayobami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1080\/14747731.2024.2375455","article-title":"The Global (Health) Governance of Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"21","author":"Rabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Globalizations"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(82)90964-0","article-title":"Molecular Divergence of a Major Peptidoglycan Synthetase with Transglycosylase\u2014Transpeptidase Activities in Escherichia coli\u2014Penicillin-Binding Protein 1Bs","volume":"105","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01967563","article-title":"Structure, Biochemistry and Mechanism of Action of Glycopeptide Antibiotics","volume":"8","author":"Reynolds","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(82)91236-0","article-title":"Formation of Hyper-Crosslinked Peptidoglycan with Multiple Crosslinkages by a Penicillin-Binding Protein, 1A, of Escherichia coli","volume":"106","author":"Tomioka","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.165.2.373-378.1986","article-title":"Additional DNA in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and Molecular Cloning of Mec-Specific DNA","volume":"165","author":"Beck","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.07.007","article-title":"The Evolution of Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"8","author":"Deurenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nandhini, P., Kumar, P., Mickymaray, S., Alothaim, A.S., Somasundaram, J., and Rajan, M. (2022). Recent Developments in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Treatment: A Review. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050606"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1998.39.6.526","article-title":"Acquisition of Methicillin Resistance and Progression of Multiantibiotic Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"39","author":"Ito","year":"1998","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lade, H., and Kim, J.-S. (2023). Molecular Determinants of \u03b2-Lactam Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA): An Updated Review. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091362"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambade, S.S., Gupta, V.K., Bhole, R.P., Khedekar, P.B., and Chikhale, R.V. (2023). A Review on Five and Six-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting the Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 (PBP2A) of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.0856.v1"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study of Antibiotic Resistance in ESKAPE Bacteria Using \u03b2-Lactamase and ESBL Genes","volume":"8","author":"Jawade","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Angiother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-023-00638-3","article-title":"\u201cOne Health\u201d Perspective on Prevalence of Co-Existing Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Ramatla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"696","article-title":"The Third Generation Cephalosporins","volume":"58","author":"Farber","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.5.858","article-title":"Activities of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics against Escherichia Coli Strains Producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases","volume":"34","author":"Jacoby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.14252\/foodsafetyfscj.2017011","article-title":"ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli and Its Rapid Rise among Healthy People","volume":"5","author":"Kawamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl509","article-title":"Porins, Efflux Pumps and Multidrug Resistance in Acinetobacter Baumannii","volume":"59","author":"Vila","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173907","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Distribution Characteristics and Horizontal Gene Transfer Elements of BlaNDM-1-Carrying Bacteria","volume":"946","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0194524","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01945-24","article-title":"Interorder Horizontal Gene Transfer of Tet (X3) between Acinetobacter Spp. and Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"69","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.2.322","article-title":"Activity of the Carbapenem Panipenem and Role of the OprD (D2) Protein in Its Diffusion through the Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Outer Membrane","volume":"37","author":"Fukuoka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050007","article-title":"Virulence Factors of Enterococcus Faecalis and Enterococcus Faecium Blood Culture Isolates","volume":"19","author":"Elsner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1086\/338782","article-title":"Multiple Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Our Worst Nightmare?","volume":"34","author":"Livermore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01200-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides: Structure, Functions and Translational Applications","volume":"23","author":"Souza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2025.2518308","article-title":"Comprehensive Insights into Microbial-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs): Classification, Mechanisms, Applications, and Purification Strategies","volume":"45","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1267","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Host-Defense Peptides as New Anti-Infective Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"24","author":"Hancock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., and Song, Y. (2021). Mechanism of Antimicrobial Peptides: Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory and Antibiofilm Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111401"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15314","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs): A Promising Class of Antimicrobial Compounds","volume":"132","author":"Kesmen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0097322","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00973-22","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptide Combination Can Hinder Resistance Evolution","volume":"10","author":"Maron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mildenberger, V., Alp\u00edzar-Pedraza, D., Martell-Huguet, E.M., Kr\u00e4mer, M., Bolotnikov, G., Otero-Gonzalez, A.J., Weil, T., Rodriguez-Alfonso, A., Preising, N., and St\u00e4ndker, L. (2024). The Designed Pore-Forming Antimicrobial Peptide C14R Combines Excellent Activity Against the Major Opportunistic Human Pathogen Pseudomonas Aeruginosa with Low Cytotoxicity. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17010083"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e9lez, N., Argel, A., Kissmann, A.-K., Alp\u00edzar-Pedraza, D., Escand\u00f3n, P., Rosenau, F., St\u00e4ndker, L., and Firacative, C. (2024). Pore-Forming Peptide C14R Exhibits Potent Antifungal Activity against Clinical Isolates of Candida Albicans and Candida Auris. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1389020"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walter, J.-C., Kissmann, A.-K., Gruber, D., Alp\u00edzar-Pedraza, D., Martell-Huguet, E.M., Preising, N., Rodriguez-Alfonso, A., St\u00e4ndker, L., Kleber, C., and Knoll, W. (2025). Antimicrobial Activity of the Peptide C14R Against Ab Initio Growing and Preformed Biofilms of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candidozyma auris. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030322"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firacative, C., V\u00e9lez, N., Kissmann, A.-K., Alp\u00edzar-Pedraza, D., Walter, J.-C., St\u00e4ndker, L., and Rosenau, F. (2025). Broad Antifungal Spectrum of the Pore-Forming Peptide C14R Against Cryptococcus and Candida Species from the WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060511"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkateswaran, P., Vasudevan, S., David, H., Shaktivel, A., Shanmugam, K., Neelakantan, P., and Solomon, A.P. (2023). Revisiting ESKAPE Pathogens: Virulence, Resistance, and Combating Strategies Focusing on Quorum Sensing. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1159798"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Weinstein, M.P. (2020). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Supplement M100, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rima, M., Rima, M., Fajloun, Z., Sabatier, J.-M., Bechinger, B., and Naas, T. (2021). Antimicrobial Peptides: A Potent Alternative to Antibiotics. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091095"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Stasi, A., de Pascale, L., Morici, M., Wilson, D.N., Scocchi, M., and Mardirossian, M. (2025). Designing New Chimeric Proline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptides to Enhance Efficacy Toward the ESKAPE+E: Beyond Sequence Extension. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15060776"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salim, S.A., Mohan, M.S., Forgia, N., and Busi, S. (2024). Medical Importance of ESKAPE Pathogens. ESKAPE Pathogens, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-8799-3_1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901872","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201901872","article-title":"Considerations and Caveats in Combating ESKAPE Pathogens against Nosocomial Infections","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, L., Zhang, S., Tang, K., Zhou, F., Zheng, C., Zhang, K., Cai, J., Zhou, H., Wang, Y., and Tian, B. (2020). Clinical Characteristics, Risk Factors and Outcomes of Mixed Candida Albicans\/Bacterial Bloodstream Infections. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05536-z"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, J., Leal, E.C., and Carvalho, E. (2021). Bioactive Antimicrobial Peptides as Therapeutic Agents for Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121894"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04773-14","article-title":"In Vitro Spectrum of Pexiganan Activity When Tested against Pathogens from Diabetic Foot Infections and with Selected Resistance Mechanisms","volume":"59","author":"Flamm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10315-4","article-title":"Anti-Biofilm Peptides Can Rescue Fluconazole and Amphotericin B Efficacies against Candida Albicans","volume":"15","author":"Kissmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fateh, R., and Ali, Q. (2025). Therapeutic Advances against Uropathogenic E. Coli: From Beta-Lactamase Inhibition to Anti-Biofilm Agents, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1010998"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, R., Cheng, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, T., Zhang, H., Li, J., Song, S., and Zheng, A. (2022). Thermosensitive Hydrogels and Advances in Their Application in Disease Therapy. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14122379"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraemer, M., Bellion, M., Kissmann, A.-K., Herberger, T., Synatschke, C.V., Bozdogan, A., Andersson, J., Rodriguez, A., St\u00e4ndker, L., and Wiese, S. (2023). Aptamers as Novel Binding Molecules on an Antimicrobial Peptide-Armored Composite Hydrogel Wound Dressing for Specific Removal and Efficient Eradication of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054800"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amann, V., Kissmann, A.-K., Kr\u00e4mer, M., Krebs, I., Perez-Erviti, J.A., Otero-Gonzalez, A.J., Morales-Vicente, F., Rodr\u00edguez, A., St\u00e4ndker, L., and Weil, T. (2022). Increased Activities against Biofilms of the Pathogenic Yeast Candida Albicans of Optimized Pom-1 Derivatives. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020318"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2437","article-title":"Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay","volume":"47","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/2\/211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T11:48:38Z","timestamp":1771242518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/2\/211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15020211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15020211","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]}}}