{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:12:37Z","timestamp":1788999157191,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health challenge, complicating the management of infections. Aminoglycosides are increasingly associated with resistance, raising the risk of clinical complications and mortality in severe infections. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile of 135 aminoglycoside-resistant clinical strains collected in Setif between 2021 and 2023. Methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed according to EUCAST guidelines, and phenotypic assays were conducted to assess key virulence traits, including biofilm formation and enzyme production. Results. Aminoglycoside resistance was more frequently observed in female patients (55.6%) and was found to be predominant among adults (68.1%). Urinary tract infections represented the main clinical presentation (76.3%), with Escherichia coli being the most common isolate (40.7%). High resistance rates were detected for amoxicillin (83%), amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic acid (80%), cephalexin (74.8%), cefixime (71.1%), trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole (74.8%), and gentamicin (72.6%). Conversely, chloramphenicol (53.3%), imipenem (47.4%), amikacin (47.4%), and piperacillin\u2013tazobactam (31.1%) remained comparatively more effective. Multidrug resistance involving seven antibiotics occurred in 25.6% of isolates, with notable cross-resistance patterns between gentamicin and \u03b2-lactam antibiotics (5 out of 22). Genotypic analysis showed that 43% of isolates carried at least one \u03b2-lactamase gene, whereas 9.6% harbored a qnr determinant. Regarding virulence factors, isolates with low biofilm-forming ability were found to be the most common (62.96%). Conclusion. In conclusion, this study revealed substantial variations in aminoglycoside resistance in Setif, shaped by demographic, clinical, and bacteriological factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15020222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T07:50:30Z","timestamp":1771401030000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aminoglycoside Resistance Among Clinical Bacterial Isolates in S\u00e9tif, Algeria: Epidemiology, Multidrug Resistance, and Virulence Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3068-0547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anfal","family":"Kara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University of Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8474-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naouel","family":"Boussoualim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University of Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7874-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni M.","family":"Giammanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties \u201cG. D\u2019Alessandro\u201d, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-6915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Alduina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zineb","family":"Daoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University of Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noussaiba","family":"Douadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University of Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Gridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University of Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6015-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Raish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5478-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byong-Hun","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8762-9562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Jo","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8251-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yacine","family":"Benguerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology (LBPT), Ferhat Abbas University of Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1260","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1260","article-title":"Impact of Antibiotics on the Human Microbiome and Consequences for Host Health","volume":"11","author":"Patangia","year":"2022","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baran, A., Kwiatkowska, A., and Potocki, L. 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