{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:26:37Z","timestamp":1772177197723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tokyu Foundation","award":["2019-110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-110"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP19H05686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19H05686"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP19H02869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19H02869"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP20KK0128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20KK0128"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP23H02124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23H02124"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP24K23121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K23121"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP25K18160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25K18160"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP22J12723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22J12723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP21wm0325022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21wm0325022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP21wm0225008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21wm0225008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP23wm0225029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0225029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007684","name":"Asahi Glass Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007802","name":"Institute for Fermentation, Osaka","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L-2023-1-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L-2023-1-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010690","name":"Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Institute of Green Science and Technology Fund for Research Project Support, Shizuoka University","award":["2023-RIGST-23104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-RIGST-23104"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute of Green Science and Technology Fund for Research Project Support, Shizuoka University","award":["2024-RIGST-24202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-RIGST-24202"]}]},{"name":"Consortium for the Exploration of Microbial Functions of Ohsumi Frontier Science Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) is a major driver of resistance dissemination across clinical and environmental settings. Urban rivers flowing through densely populated megacities represent critical interfaces where human-associated and environmental microbiomes intersect; however, the genetic structures and functional characteristics of resistance plasmids circulating in such environments remain insufficiently resolved. Methods: In this study, we conducted detailed genomic and phenotypic analyses of 11 ARG-bearing plasmids previously captured from the Tama River, an urban river flowing through the Tokyo megalopolis. These plasmids belonged to IncN, IncU, IncQ2\u03b3, IncC, and IncP\u03b3 groups. Whole-plasmid sequencing, comparative genomic analyses, conjugation assays, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were employed to characterize plasmid backbones, accessory resistance regions, mobile genetic elements, and conjugative transferability. Results: A total of 11 plasmids belonging to five major incompatibility groups (IncN, IncC, IncU+IncQ2\u03b3, and IncP) were analyzed. These plasmids collectively encoded ARGs conferring resistance to five major antimicrobial classes, including aminoglycosides, \u03b2-lactams, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and mercury, and frequently harbored class 1 integrons, ISCR1 elements, and Tn3-derived inverted-repeat miniature elements (TIME). Notably, two plasmids (IncN and IncC) exhibited high structural similarity to clinically reported plasmids from geographically distant regions, whereas multiple IncP plasmids and one multi-replicon IncU+IncQ2\u03b3 plasmid displayed accessory-region architectures characteristic of environmental plasmids and broad host-range transferability. Antibiotic susceptibility testing demonstrated that these plasmids substantially increased resistance levels in hosts. Conclusions: This study reveals that urban river environments can harbor both clinically related and environmentally unique multidrug resistance plasmids, shaped by diverse mobile genetic elements. By providing nucleotide-level structural and functional evidence, this study highlights urban rivers as potential ecological hubs linking clinical and environmental resistance plasmid pools and supports the importance of continued monitoring of resistance plasmids in megacity-associated river systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15030241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1772101982000},"page":"241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Linking Clinical and Environmental Multidrug Resistance Plasmids Captured from the Tama River Flowing Through the Tokyo Megalopolis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rin","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7882-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maho","family":"Tokuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Singh","family":"Shweta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichiro","family":"Nakamichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Moriuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shizuoka Instrumental Analysis Center, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3919-3538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideo","family":"Dohra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"},{"name":"Shizuoka Instrumental Analysis Center, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"},{"name":"Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Futamata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"},{"name":"Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhide","family":"Kimbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6505-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Shintani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan"},{"name":"Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"},{"name":"Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00926-x","article-title":"Plasmids, a Molecular Cornerstone of Antimicrobial Resistance in the One Health Era","volume":"22","author":"Top","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv167","article-title":"Isolation of Novel IncA\/C and IncN Fluoroquinolone Resistance Plasmids from an Antibiotic-Polluted Lake","volume":"70","author":"Flach","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.115971","article-title":"Horizontal Transmission of a Multidrug-Resistant IncN Plasmid Isolated from Urban Wastewater","volume":"271","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012003","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/266\/1\/012003","article-title":"Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Emerging Contaminants in Watersheds of Tama River and Lake Kasumigaura in Japan","volume":"266","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16481","article-title":"Integrons, Transposons and IS Elements Promote Diversification of Multidrug Resistance Plasmids and Adaptation of Their Hosts to Antibiotic Pollutants from Pharmaceutical Companies","volume":"25","author":"Shintani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0206825","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02068-25","article-title":"The Transferable Resistome of Biosolids-Plasmid Sequencing Reveals Carriage of Clinically Relevant Antibiotic Resistance Genes","volume":"16","author":"Hauschild","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15938","article-title":"Biosolids for Safe Land Application: Does Wastewater Treatment Plant Size Matters When Considering Antibiotics, Pollutants, Microbiome, Mobile Genetic Elements and Associated Resistance Genes?","volume":"24","author":"Wolters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01300-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01300-18","article-title":"The Transferable Resistome of Produce","volume":"9","author":"Blau","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2501","article-title":"Unraveling the Role of Vegetables in Spreading Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria: A Need for Quantitative Risk Assessment","volume":"15","author":"Tetens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0111422","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01114-22","article-title":"Hitherto-Unnoticed Self-Transmissible Plasmids Widely Distributed among Different Environments in Japan","volume":"88","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szuplewska, M., Ludwiczak, M., Lyzwa, K., Czarnecki, J., and Bartosik, D. (2014). Mobility and Generation of Mosaic Non-Autonomous Transposons by Tn3-Derived Inverted-Repeat Miniature Elements (TIMEs). PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105010"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00229-08","article-title":"Genomic and Functional Characterization of the Modular Broad-Host-Range RA3 Plasmid, the Archetype of the IncU Group","volume":"74","author":"Kulinska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00847-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00847-20","article-title":"Transcriptional Organization of the Stability Module of Broad-Host-Range Plasmid RA3, from the IncU Group","volume":"86","author":"Lewicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-619X(02)00001-X","article-title":"A Global Non-Conjugative Tet C Plasmid, pRAS3, from Aeromonas salmonicida","volume":"47","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6436","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00864-09","article-title":"Comparative Biology of Two Natural Variants of the IncQ-2 Family Plasmids, pRAS3.1 and pRAS3.2","volume":"191","author":"Rawlings","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fournier, K.C., Paquet, V.E., Att\u00e9r\u00e9, S.A., Farley, J., Marquis, H., Gantelet, H., Ravaille, C., Vincent, A.T., and Charette, S.J. (2022). Expansion of the pRAS3 Plasmid Family in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and Growing Evidence of Interspecies Connections for These Plasmids. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081047"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.13.3521","article-title":"IS91 Transposase Is Related to the Rolling-Circle-Type Replication Proteins of the pUB110 Family of Plasmids","volume":"20","author":"Mendiola","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.5.1922","article-title":"Differential Roles of the Transposon Termini in IS91 Transposition","volume":"91","author":"Mendiola","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/plas.1999.1460","article-title":"IS1294, a DNA Element That Transposes by RC Transposition","volume":"44","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Garcill\u00e1n-Barcia, M.P., De La Cruz, F., Bernales, I., and Mendiola, M.V. (2002). IS91 Rolling-Circle Transposition. Mobile DNA II, American Society of Microbiology."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00294.x","article-title":"Combinatorial Events of Insertion Sequences and ICE in Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"35","author":"Toleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"TnPedia Team (2025). TnPedia: IS91 and ISCR Families of Prokaryotic Insertion Sequences, Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.6.2240-2246.1998","article-title":"New Unstable Variants of Green Fluorescent Protein for Studies of Transient Gene Expression in Bacteria","volume":"64","author":"Andersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"001043","article-title":"Transconjugant Range of PromA Plasmids in Microbial Communities Is Predicted by Sequence Similarity with the Bacterial Host Chromosome","volume":"9","author":"Tokuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2012.01.011","article-title":"The Complete Genome Sequences of Four New IncN Plasmids from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Provide New Insights into IncN Plasmid Diversity and Evolution","volume":"68","author":"Eikmeyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Gomi, R., and Yano, H. (bioRxiv, 2025). Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements Mobilize Diverse Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Enterobacteriaceae, bioRxiv, preprint."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Ye, X., Yin, Z., Hu, M., Wang, B., Liu, W., Li, B., Ren, H., Jin, Y., and Yue, J. (2022). Comparative Genomics Reveals New Insights into the Evolution of the IncA and IncC Family of Plasmids. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1045314"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D195","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1050","article-title":"PLSDB: A Resource of Complete Bacterial Plasmids","volume":"47","author":"Galata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D273","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1111","article-title":"PLSDB: Advancing a Comprehensive Database of Bacterial Plasmids","volume":"50","author":"Schmartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D189","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1095","article-title":"The PLSDB 2025 Update: Enhanced Annotations and Improved Functionality for Comprehensive Plasmid Research","volume":"53","author":"Molano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28941-0","article-title":"Plasmids from Freshwater Environments Capable of IncQ Retrotransfer Are Diverse and Include pQKH54, a New IncP-1 Subgroup Archetype","volume":"152","author":"Haines","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.068387-0","article-title":"Host Range Diversification within the IncP-1 Plasmid Group","volume":"159","author":"Yano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonseca, \u00c9.L., and Vicente, A.C. (2022). Integron Functionality and Genome Innovation: An Update on the Subtle and Smart Strategy of Integrase and Gene Cassette Expression Regulation. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020224"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jov\u00e9, T., Da Re, S., Denis, F., Mazel, D., and Ploy, M.-C. (2010). Inverse Correlation between Promoter Strength and Excision Activity in Class 1 Integrons. PLoS Genet., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000793"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaly, T.M., Chow, L., Asher, A.J., Waldron, L.S., and Gillings, M.R. (2017). Evolution of Class 1 Integrons: Mobilization and Dispersal via Food-Borne Bacteria. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179169"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanagiya, K., Maejima, Y., Nakata, H., Tokuda, M., Moriuchi, R., Dohra, H., Inoue, K., Ohkuma, M., Kimbara, K., and Shintani, M. (2018). Novel Self-Transmissible and Broad-Host-Range Plasmids Exogenously Captured From Anaerobic Granules or Cow Manure. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02602"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Sambrook, J., and Russell, D. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00584-1","article-title":"Four New Derivatives of the Broad-Host-Range Cloning Vector pBBR1MCS, Carrying Different Antibiotic-Resistance Cassettes","volume":"166","author":"Kovach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2024). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard, CLSI. [12th ed.]. CLSI Document M07."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: A New Genome Assembly Algorithm and Its Applications to Single-Cell Sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx713","article-title":"DFAST: A Flexible Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline for Faster Genome Publication","volume":"34","author":"Tanizawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr039","article-title":"Easyfig: A Genome Comparison Visualizer","volume":"27","author":"Sullivan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/3\/241\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:13:32Z","timestamp":1772169212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/3\/241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15030241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15030241","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]}}}