{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:08:33Z","timestamp":1781568513389,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a major cause of both community-onset and hospital-acquired infections, yet longitudinal data from Latin American hospitals spanning the COVID-19 pandemic are scarce. We characterized temporal trends, seasonality, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on MRSA prevalence and incidence density among clinical S. aureus isolates at a tertiary-care hospital in western Mexico over 9.5 years. Methods: We analyzed 6625 non-duplicate clinical S. aureus isolates (6609 with valid resistance data) from June 2016 to December 2025. Temporal trends were assessed using Mann\u2013Kendall tests, Theil\u2013Sen estimation, and binomial generalized linear models. Seasonality was evaluated through STL decomposition, generalized additive models, and Fourier analysis. An interrupted time series (ITS) model with GLS-AR(1) and Newey\u2013West corrections compared three COVID-19 phases: pre-pandemic (2016\u20132020), high viral circulation (2020\u20132022), and post-peak stabilization (2022\u20132025). Exposure-adjusted incidence densities (per 1000 patient-days) were analyzed in parallel. Results: MRSA prevalence declined from 28.1% pre-pandemic to 14.0% post-peak (Mann\u2013Kendall z = \u22129.03, p &lt; 0.001; OR = 0.85 per year, 95% CI: 0.829\u20130.871). MRSA incidence density decreased by 50%, from 1.27 to 0.63 per 1000 patient-days, while aggregate S. aureus incidence density remained stable (z = \u22120.17, p = 0.868). The ITS joint Wald test confirmed a significant cumulative shift in MRSA trajectory post-pandemic (p = 0.019 counts; p = 0.012 incidence density), with a significant post-peak level drop (p = 0.008). S. aureus exhibited moderate seasonality peaking in May\u2013July (GAM edf = 7.26, p &lt; 0.001), whereas MRSA showed only marginal seasonal variation. Conclusions: MRSA declined markedly across the study period, with the steepest reduction following the Omicron peak. The decline persisted after adjustment for pandemic-related fluctuations in hospital volume, supporting periodic reassessment of empiric anti-MRSA prescribing policies in similar settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15030242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1772101982000},"page":"242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trends, Seasonality, and the Impact of COVID-19 on Clinical Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Isolates in Western Mexico (2016\u20132025): A Time-Series Analysis at a University Referral Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1901-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Briseno-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Civil de Oriente, T\u00f3nala 45425, Mexico"},{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Salud, Centro Universitario de Tlajomulco, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tlajomulco de Zu\u00f1iga 45641, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0505-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara \u201cFray Antonio Alcalde\u201d, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"G\u00f3mez-Quiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara \u201cFray Antonio Alcalde\u201d, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda Berenice","family":"Avila-Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara \u201cFray Antonio Alcalde\u201d, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2891-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian Rafael","family":"Rubio-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara \u201cFray Antonio Alcalde\u201d, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3424-1382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Miguel","family":"Damian-Negrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Salud, Centro Universitario de Tlajomulco, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tlajomulco de Zu\u00f1iga 45641, Mexico"},{"name":"Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara \u201cFray Antonio Alcalde\u201d, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Civil de Oriente, T\u00f3nala 45425, Mexico"},{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Salud, Centro Universitario de Tlajomulco, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tlajomulco de Zu\u00f1iga 45641, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5669-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Salud, Centro Universitario de Tlajomulco, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tlajomulco de Zu\u00f1iga 45641, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7428-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Roberto","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara \u201cFray Antonio Alcalde\u201d, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith Carolina","family":"De Arcos-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Civil de Oriente, T\u00f3nala 45425, Mexico"},{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Salud, Centro Universitario de Tlajomulco, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tlajomulco de Zu\u00f1iga 45641, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05111-x","article-title":"Global Trends in Staphylococcus aureus-Related Lower Respiratory Infections from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Report","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. 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