{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:02:50Z","timestamp":1772186570592,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) are a cornerstone strategy to mitigate the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), primarily driven by inappropriate antimicrobial use. ASPs aim to optimize antimicrobial therapy by ensuring appropriate indication, agent selection, dosing, route of administration, and duration of treatment. Through these interventions, ASPs improve clinical outcomes, reduce adverse drug events, decrease selective pressure for resistant organisms, and contribute to healthcare cost containment. Effective implementation requires a multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, pharmacists, microbiologists, nurses, and information technology specialists, and must be tailored to local epidemiology and healthcare system capacity in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. This narrative review describes the development and evolution of the national antimicrobial stewardship policy in Chile, based on a review of publications indexed in SciELO, official documents from the Ministry of Health (MINSAL), and relevant national legislation. In Chile, antimicrobial stewardship initiatives began in the late 1990s with regulatory measures mandating prescription-only dispensing of antimicrobials and the introduction of national technical standards for rational antimicrobial use. After that, Chile adopted a comprehensive One Health approach and implemented national AMR action plans aligned with WHO strategies. Substantial progress has been achieved across hospital, primary care, veterinary, and aquaculture settings, including expanded ASP coverage, strengthened regulatory frameworks, national surveillance systems for antimicrobial consumption and resistance, and incorporation of stewardship indicators into institutional performance metrics. Despite these advances, challenges related to workforce capacity, technological infrastructure, and long-term monitoring persist and must be addressed to further consolidate national ASP implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15030247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:31:19Z","timestamp":1772181079000},"page":"247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Chile: A Historical Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mirta","family":"Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Roberto del Rio, Santiago 8380457, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Pediatr\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica y Avanzada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile"},{"name":"Sociedad Chilena de Infectolog\u00eda, Santiago 7500000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dona","family":"Benadof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Roberto del Rio, Santiago 8380457, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Pediatr\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica y Avanzada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile"},{"name":"Sociedad Chilena de Infectolog\u00eda, Santiago 7500000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Pavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Pediatr\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile"},{"name":"Sociedad Chilena de Infectolog\u00eda, Santiago 7500000, Chile"},{"name":"Hospital San Juan de Dios, Santiago 8350567, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7550000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Bavestrello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad Chilena de Infectolog\u00eda, Santiago 7500000, Chile"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Re\u00f1aca, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2540364, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociedad Chilena de Infectolog\u00eda, Santiago 7500000, Chile"},{"name":"Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau, Santiago 8900091, Chile"},{"name":"Programa de Infectolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2024). 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