{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:39:34Z","timestamp":1790998774308,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Tianjin Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23JCYBJC00250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JCYBJC00250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) are ubiquitous and persistent organic contaminants in aquatic and soil ecosystems due to their extensive application and high structural stability, causing rising environmental hazards. Conventional treatment approaches, generally based on physical adsorption or biological processes, remain limited in achieving efficient and stable removal as well as deep molecular modification of SAs. In recent years, modified biochar has developed as a flexible environmental functional material incorporating adsorption and reaction regulation capabilities, owing to its customizable pore structure, surface chemistry, and electronic characteristics. This study comprehensively highlights current achievements in the adsorption and degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics by modified biochar, with specific emphasis on modification techniques, structural modulation, structure\u2013performance connections, and interfacial reaction processes. Through physical activation, heteroatom doping, defect engineering, and metal integration, biochar has developed from a traditional adsorbent into a carbon-based interfacial reactor capable of pollutant adsorption, molecular activation, and directed transformation. Surface-confined reaction interfaces, where \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and metal coordination cooperatively control adsorption and transformation processes, are primarily responsible for the elimination of SAs. Moreover, the dual functions of modified biochar in driving both radical and non-radical pathways are explored, showing the vital importance of interfacial electronic structure modulation and electron-transfer mechanisms in influencing reaction efficiency and selectivity. The impact of sulfonamide molecular configurations, ambient circumstances, and concomitant chemicals on removal performance are also explored. Unlike previous reviews that mainly summarize adsorption efficiency or oxidant activation systems separately, this work integrates structural modulation, interfacial electronic regulation, and bond-selective transformation mechanisms into a unified structure\u2013chemistry\u2013reactivity framework. By correlating sulfonamide molecular configuration with biochar electronic structure, this review provides a mechanistic roadmap for the rational design of next-generation catalytic biochar systems. Finally, key challenges related to structural controllability, long-term stability, and engineering scalability are identified, and future research directions are proposed to support the rational design of high-performance biochar materials and the practical control of sulfonamide antibiotic pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15030268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T16:17:31Z","timestamp":1772641051000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Research Progress and Prospects of Modified Biochar in the Adsorption and Degradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Junjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 31 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin 300191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxia","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 31 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin 300191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 31 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin 300191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoquan","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 31 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin 300191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 31 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin 300191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 31 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin 300191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 11\/F, The Jockey Club Tower, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, No. 31 Fukang Road, Nankai, Tianjin 300191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.439","article-title":"Spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals in conventional wastewater treatment plant with Sludge Treatment Reed Beds technology","volume":"647","author":"Kolecka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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