{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:24:22Z","timestamp":1790871862634,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005363","name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UBACyT 20020190100031BA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBACyT 20020190100031BA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005363","name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UBACyT 20020170100473BA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBACyT 20020170100473BA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIP 11220200102425CO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 11220200102425CO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIBAA 28720210100671CO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIBAA 28720210100671CO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n, el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico y la Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2021-GRF-TII-00309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2021-GRF-TII-00309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CONICET Scholarship"},{"name":"UBA Scholarship"},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Researcher Career (CIC), CONICET"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are a global public health concern, with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp) recognised as the highest-priority pathogen. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological features of CRE isolates throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in two hospitals from 2019 to 2022, recovering all CRE from inpatients. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by automated and\/or manual tests, according to CLSI. \u03b2-lactamases detection was performed using Multiplex PCR and MALDI-TOF MS. Kp typing was assessed by multiplex PCR and\/or MLST based on WGS. Results: 22% (359\/1594) were CRE, predominantly CR-Kp. Overall, high non-susceptibility (NS) rates were observed in both centres. NS remained largely stable in HA, except for a significant increase in colistin NS, whereas HB showed a rise in NS to multiple antimicrobials over time. A significant shift from multidrug-resistant to extensively drug-resistant and difficult-to-treat phenotypes was observed across the study periods. Out of 359 CRE, blaKPC was confirmed in 141, blaNDM in 170, and blaKPC + blaNDM in 20 isolates. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, KPC was the main carbapenemase in HB, while NDM was already the prevalent one in HA. In 2022, both enzymes showed similar prevalence. blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-5 were the prevalent alleles in K. pneumoniae. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, K. pneumoniae epidemiology varied by hospital, characterised by clonal diversity; however, in 2022, CG258-tonB79 drove the epidemiology in both hospitals. Conclusions: A more extensive resistance phenotype among CRE was evidenced throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, driven by carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. NDM-5 and KPC-2 were the main carbapenemases identified. A temporal shift in carbapenemase prevalence was observed in each hospital, converging in similar frequencies of KPC and NDM by 2022 across both centres. This scenario was driven by the active dissemination of K. pneumoniae ST258.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15030273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:05:44Z","timestamp":1772795144000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiological Insights into Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic in Buenos Aires, Argentina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8190-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Espinosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular (IBaViM), Buenos Aires C1113, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6054-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Magari\u00f1os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Luisa Cravena de Gandulfo, Lomas de Zamora B1832, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9950-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Ciminello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular (IBaViM), Buenos Aires C1113, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3631-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roque","family":"Figueroa-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular (IBaViM), Buenos Aires C1113, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0118-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Sol","family":"Haim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Operativa Centro Nacional de Gen\u00f3mica y Bioinform\u00e1tica (UOCNGyB), ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbr\u00e1n, Buenos Aires C1282, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0384-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Poklepovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Operativa Centro Nacional de Gen\u00f3mica y Bioinform\u00e1tica (UOCNGyB), ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbr\u00e1n, Buenos Aires C1282, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7112-2089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Potente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Luisa Cravena de Gandulfo, Lomas de Zamora B1832, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1339-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Ormazabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General de Agudos Donaci\u00f3n Francisco Santojanni, Buenos Aires C1408, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1999-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Gutkind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular (IBaViM), Buenos Aires C1113, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7418-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Cejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular (IBaViM), Buenos Aires C1113, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6061-0124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Radice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular (IBaViM), Buenos Aires C1113, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116370","article-title":"Carbapenemase Producing Gram Negative Bacteria: Review of Resistance and Detection Methods","volume":"110","author":"Paudel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagn. 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