{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T11:28:11Z","timestamp":1773746891508,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Bacterial conjunctivitis is a common ocular infection requiring prompt treatment, particularly in vulnerable patients, and may influence perioperative outcomes. This study aimed to characterize conjunctival bacterial isolates phenotypically and genotypically, to evaluate their biofilm-forming capacity, and to investigate the relationship between resistance gene carriage, resistance phenotypes, and biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Methods: A prospective, single-center, cross-sectional study was conducted on bacterial isolates from conjunctival samples of patients examined in an ophthalmology department. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Resistance genes were detected by quantitative PCR. Biofilm-forming capacity was assessed using the microtiter plate assay, and biofilm susceptibility to amikacin (AK) and levofloxacin (LEV) was evaluated using a biofilm susceptibility assay. Results: A total of 78 isolates were analyzed; Gram-positive cocci prevailed (GPC, 84.6%), being significantly more frequent than Gram-negative bacilli (GNB, p &lt; 0.001). Among GPC, 65.2% were multidrug-resistant, with Staphylococcus epidermidis emerging as the most frequent species (p &lt; 0.001). Resistance gene carriage was detected in 33.3% of GNB. Strong biofilm formation was observed in 22.7% of GPC versus 58.3% of GNB. It should be noted that the relatively small number of GNB may limit the statistical robustness of comparisons between Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups. A statistically significant association between resistance genes and biofilm capacity was found only in Staphylococcus aureus (p = 0.027). Biofilm-embedded bacteria showed increased antimicrobial tolerance, particularly for AK in S. aureus and for both AK and LEV in S. epidermidis (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of multidrug-resistant conjunctival isolates and their biofilm-forming capacity highlights the clinical importance of biofilm-related resistance and support integrating AMR profiling with biofilm assessment to optimize empirical therapy in bacterial conjunctivitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15030300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:10:43Z","timestamp":1773655843000},"page":"300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Characterization and Biofilm-Forming Capacity of Bacterial Population Isolated from Conjunctival Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Adela","family":"Voinescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia-Ioana","family":"Musuroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Skills, Department I Nursing, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9245-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Licker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9100-4530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6133-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin-George","family":"Horhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, \u201cLouis Turcanu\u201d Emergency Hospital for Children, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-1196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luminita Mirela","family":"Baditoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Epidemiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7644-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Izmendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6141-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Cosnita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department IX, Surgery and Ophthalmology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300002 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9526-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihnea","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department IX, Surgery and Ophthalmology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300002 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0502-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Poenaru-Sava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department IX, Surgery and Ophthalmology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300002 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Ordodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Functional Sciences, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300173 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer\u2014OncoGen, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petrinela","family":"Ceachir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-3729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tudor Rare\u0219","family":"Olariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Municipal Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300254 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Diagnosis and Study of Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Patogen Preventia, 300124 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corina","family":"Musuroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S463779","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Microbial Biofilms on Contact Lenses: Challenges and Solutions","volume":"17","author":"Voinescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. 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