{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:54:21Z","timestamp":1789761261007,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017418","name":"Universidad de Especialidades Esp\u00edritu Santo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UEES 2023-MED-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UEES 2023-MED-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UEES 2023-MED-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UEES 2023-MED-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b210x50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Enterobacter hormaechei, a member of the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC), is increasingly recognized as a multidrug-resistant (MDR) nosocomial pathogen. However, subspecies-level genomic data from Ecuador remain limited. Methods: Four clinical E. hormaechei isolates from a hospital in northern Ecuador were analyzed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Genomic characterization included multilocus sequence typing (MLST), resistome profiling, plasmid replicon detection, integron screening, genomic island analysis, and phylogenetic comparison with publicly available Ecuadorian genomes. Results: WGS identified three isolates as subsp. xiangfangensis (ST136 and ST337) and one as subsp. hoffmannii (ST145). Two ST136 isolates exhibited extensive MDR phenotypes associated with blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaACT-16, and additional aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone resistance genes. ST145 showed moderate resistance, whereas ST337 remained largely susceptible despite harboring blaACT-16. Multiple genomic islands and plasmid replicons (IncF\/IncR or IncHI2) were detected. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated clustering with previously reported Ecuadorian lineages. Conclusions: This study provides subspecies-level genomic characterization of clinical E. hormaechei in Ecuador and describes heterogeneous resistance profiles and associated mobile genetic elements, contributing baseline data for regional surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15040387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T10:20:16Z","timestamp":1775816416000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Heterogeneous Resistance Profiles and Selected Mobile Genetic Elements in Ecuadorian Clinical Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis and subsp. hoffmannii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7975-0194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bejarano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5650-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava Anna","family":"\u0160efcov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4618-8558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Mawyin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6839-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isa\u00edas","family":"Mej\u00eda Limones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar Marcelo","family":"Larrea-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, E.T.S.I. Caminos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, C\/Profesor Aranguren 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Irene","family":"Andrade Mena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico del Hospital General San Vicente de Pa\u00fal, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Sar\u00e1uz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6480-5068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Norte, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6795-3282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Larrea-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00002-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-19","article-title":"Enterobacter spp.: Update on taxonomy, clinical aspects, and emerging antimicrobial resistance","volume":"32","author":"Lavigne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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