{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:21:50Z","timestamp":1785424910270,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02pjx9m11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) is an endangered raptor species of ecological and conservation relevance. Despite its status, data regarding its microbiota and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remain scarce, especially in Eastern Europe. This single-facility study aims to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from captive Saker Falcons in Western Romania. Methods: Freshly voided fecal droppings were collected non-invasively from 40 clinically healthy Saker Falcons. Bacterial identification was performed using selective media and the VITEK\u00ae 2 system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was conducted on a representative subset of 12 isolates. Selected resistance-associated genes were screened by conventional PCR. Results: Escherichia coli was the most prevalent 60% (n = 24\/40), followed by Hafnia alvei 10% (n = 4\/40) and Pseudomonas spp. 10% (n = 4\/40). AST revealed phenotypic resistance among Enterobacteriaceae primarily to ampicillin 20% (n = 2\/10), tetracycline 20% (n = 2\/10), fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides 10% (n = 1\/10), while susceptibility to imipenem 90% (n = 9\/10) and gentamicin 90% (n = 9\/10) remained high. The targeted resistance-associated genes were detected in selected phenotypically resistant isolates. PCR screening detected blaZ and ampC in 62.5% (n = 5\/8) of tested isolates, blaOXA-61 in 37.5% (n = 3\/8), blaOXA-51 in 25% (n = 2\/8), tetK in 37.5% (n = 3\/8), and gyrA in 12.5% (n = 1\/8). The isolate used as the negative control, pansusceptible in AST, was confirmed negative for all targeted genes. Conclusions: This single-facility study provides baseline data on AMR traits in Gram-negative bacteria associated with Saker Falcons in Western Romania. Given the limited scale and isolate-based design of the study, the findings should be interpreted cautiously, but they support further investigation of wildlife-associated AMR within a One Health context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15040400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T12:25:30Z","timestamp":1776255930000},"page":"400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) in Western Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9308-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiana-Ionela","family":"Coco\u0219","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School \u201cVeterinary Medicine\u201d, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9335-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana-Maria","family":"Boldura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8346-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1197-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0103zvan-Tudor","family":"P\u0103tr\u00eenjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School \u201cVeterinary Medicine\u201d, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2907-4233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Muselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-3654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Brezovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5859-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janos","family":"Degi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-1516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romeo Teodor","family":"Cristina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d from Timi\u015foara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Bird Census Council (EBCC) (2026, April 09). 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