{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:14:35Z","timestamp":1785413675124,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015763","name":"University of Szeged","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["8454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8454"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01pnej532","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary","award":["TKP2021-EGA-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-32"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ks8qq67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Egyetemi Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi \u00d6szt\u00f6nd\u00edj Program","award":["EK\u00d6P-24-3SZTE-218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EK\u00d6P-24-3SZTE-218"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat arising from inappropriate antibiotic use. Data on the prescription of antibiotics in emergency departments (EDs), critical care points for infection management, are limited. Objective: This study aimed to assess systemic antibiotic use in an Indonesian ED. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in the Cilacap Teaching Hospital ED in 2022. Data, including patient demographics and systemic antibiotic prescription details (World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (WHO ATC): J01) were extracted from electronic medical records. Antibiotic use was analyzed according to age groups (children [0\u201314 years], adults [15\u201364 years], and the elderly [\u226565 years]), administration route, and the World Health Organization Access, Watch, and Reserve classification. Results: Among all ED visits during the study period, 52.1% (14,396\/27,640) received systemic antibiotics, and adults comprised 68.5% (9861\/14,396) of antibiotic-exposed cases. Cephalosporins were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics in all age groups (42.4\u201350.9%). Penicillins were more frequently prescribed in children (29.9%) than in adults (10.0%) and the elderly (6.6%), whereas fluoroquinolones were more commonly prescribed in the elderly (21.1%) than in adults (16.2%) and children (3.8%). Watch-class antibiotics, comprising 63.9% of all prescriptions, were commonly prescribed in the elderly (71.9%). Oral route was the predominant form (65.8%), particularly in children (76.5%). The most frequently prescribed antibiotics differed across age groups, with amoxicillin followed by cefixime in children, and cefixime followed by ceftriaxone in both adults and the elderly. Conclusions: This study showed high antibiotic exposure and identified age-related differences in antibiotic prescribing, and patterns that warrant further evaluation within antimicrobial stewardship frameworks, to optimize antibiotic use and mitigate AMR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15040401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T12:25:30Z","timestamp":1776255930000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibiotic Use in the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Study in Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1248-042X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikhwan Yuda","family":"Kusuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Health, Universitas Harapan Bangsa, Purwokerto 53182, Indonesia"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8009-8962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ria","family":"Benk\u0151","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Emergency Department, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8423-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika Piroska","family":"Papfalvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Emergency Department, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1168-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ni Made Amelia Ratnata","family":"Dewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mataram, Mataram 83115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7161-5980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiqih","family":"Nurkholis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Health, Universitas Harapan Bangsa, Purwokerto 53182, Indonesia"},{"name":"Central Pharmacy, Cilacap Regional General Hospital, Cilacap 53223, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4929-331X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00f3bert","family":"Nacsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4088-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dezs\u0151","family":"Csupor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7877-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Matuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon","volume":"109","author":"Prestinaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. 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