{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:29:15Z","timestamp":1785432555571,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kazakhstan Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["AP23487761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23487761"]}]},{"award":["AP23487761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23487761"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant strains, is a leading cause of severe pneumonia. Understanding local molecular epidemiology, including virulence gene profiles and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms, is crucial for effective infection control. This pilot study aimed to characterize S. aureus isolates from pneumonia patients in Karaganda, Kazakhstan. Methods: We collected 48 respiratory samples from patients with pneumonia across three medical institutions. Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was carried out using European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. Whole-genome sequencing of S. aureus isolates was conducted on an Ion Torrent S5 platform. Genomic analysis included multilocus sequence typing (MLST), identification of virulence and AMR genes, and phylogenetic reconstruction. Results: S. aureus was identified in 14.6% (n = 7) of pneumonia cases included in this study. All isolates (100%, n = 7) were phenotypically resistant to benzylpenicillin. The mecA gene was detected in 57.1% of isolates (n = 4), while phenotypic resistance to methicillin was observed in 28.6% (n = 2) of the isolates. Resistance to azithromycin (57.1%, n = 4) and levofloxacin (42.9%, n = 3) was observed among the isolates. Two isolates (28.6%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Genomic analysis revealed the prevalence of the ST22 clone (57.1%, n = 4) in the studied cohort. Other sequence types were ST97, ST8, and ST45 (14.3% each). Phylogenetic analysis showed clustering consistent with MLST profiles. All isolates carried a conserved core virulence arsenal, including hemolysin (hla, hlg), biofilm-forming genes (icaADBC), immune evasion genes (sak, scn), and iron acquisition genes (isd). The Panton\u2013Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes were detected in three isolates. AMR gene analysis revealed the ubiquitous presence of mepA and tetracycline efflux pump genes, along with regulatory genes (arlRS, mepR, mgrA). The blaZ and ermA genes were not detected despite high phenotypic resistance to penicillin and macrolides. Conclusions: This study reports the identification of the virulent and resistant ST22 S. aureus clone in pneumonia cases in Karaganda, Kazakhstan. The discordance between phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles underscores the necessity for integrated diagnostic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15050431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:26:41Z","timestamp":1777382801000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genomic Characterization and Virulence Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates from Pneumonia Patients in Karaganda, Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3716-7547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shynggys","family":"Orkara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakhstan-Japan Innovation Centre, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitaliy","family":"Strochkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakhstan-Japan Innovation Centre, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9436-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyona","family":"Lavrinenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Laboratory, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda 100000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1814-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurlan","family":"Sandybayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakhstan-Japan Innovation Centre, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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