{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:33:47Z","timestamp":1777937627862,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DBT\u2013Wellcome Trust India Alliance","award":["IA\/CPHS\/16\/1\/502679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/CPHS\/16\/1\/502679"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Scrub typhus, a life-threatening infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is treated with doxycycline or azithromycin. In severe disease, combination therapy with azithromycin and doxycycline had better clinical outcomes than either drug alone. However, it is not clear what causes the improved efficacy. To understand the same, we examined the plasma concentrations, intracellular concentrations, and efficacy of doxycycline, azithromycin, and both drugs in combination in 51 patients with severe scrub typhus. Methods: A randomly selected subset of adult (&gt;18 years) participants from the INTREST trial (Clinical Trials Registry\u2013India, number CTRI\/2018\/08\/015159), who had been randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive doxycycline, azithromycin, or both drugs, respectively, were included in this study for comparative drug concentration analysis. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 3, and 7 to monitor bacterial load using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Five milliliters of sterile blood were collected 3\u201310 h after the final dose on day 7 for comparative drug concentration measured using high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring. Data were analyzed in GraphPad Prism v.10.0.3. Results: Fifty-one patients (males, 59%; median age, 52 years) were enrolled. Fifteen, seventeen, and nineteen patients received azithromycin, doxycycline, and both, respectively. Doxycycline achieved a median plasma concentration of 1112 (42.51\u20135697) ng\/mL and was undetectable intracellularly. The intracellular concentration of azithromycin (1127 [16.78\u201319,250] ng\/mL) surpassed its plasma concentration (227.1 [48.78\u20131022] ng\/mL). On day 3, PCR negativity rates were 56.24%, 93.3%, and 94.7% in the doxycycline, azithromycin, and combination groups, respectively. Conclusions: The high plasma concentrations of doxycycline and intracellular accumulation of azithromycin may contribute to improved clinical outcomes when used in combination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15050450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1777536227000},"page":"450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma and Intracellular Concentrations of Doxycycline and Azithromycin in Patients with Severe Scrub Typhus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2676-4936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debasree","family":"Kundu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merylin","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shadab","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohail","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8008-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"Dayanand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2082-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blessed Winston","family":"Aruldhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binu Susan","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Gunasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nalini","family":"Newbigging","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kundavaram P. P.","family":"Abhilash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Zachariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramya","family":"Iyadurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel George","family":"Hansdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sowmya","family":"Sathyendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thambu David","family":"Sudarsanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abi","family":"Manesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Victor","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Salje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ooriapadickal C.","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P. J.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Tarning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4040-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George M.","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, G., Walker, D.H., Jupiter, D., Melby, P.C., and Arcari, C.M. 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