{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:57:09Z","timestamp":1792789029271,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024YFD2402001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFD2402001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, CAFS","award":["2024YC01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YC01"]}]},{"name":"Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-profit Institutes, CAFS","award":["2023TD31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD31"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010038","name":"earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CARS-48"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-48"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Antibiotics are routinely used in crustacean larviculture to mitigate bacterial infections, yet their widespread application compromises larval ontogeny. Probiotics and microalgae offer sustainable alternatives, but their combined molecular effects in crustacean larvae remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and transcriptomic impacts of a probiotics\u2013microalgae consortium versus antibiotics in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) zoea, with the goal of elucidating mechanisms underlying improved larval development and identifying potential antibiotic alternatives. Methods:\u00a0Scylla paramamosain larvae were reared under five treatments: clear water control (CN), microalgae alone (MA), probiotics alone (PB), a probiotics\u2013microalgae consortium (PB-MA), and the antibiotic (AB) florfenicol. Samples were collected at 6 h and 24 h post-treatment during the first (Z1) and third (Z3) zoeal stages. Growth performance was assessed via survival and larval stage index, and multi-time point transcriptomic sequencing was performed to analyze dynamic gene expression profiles. Results: The PB-MA consortium significantly enhanced stage-specific survival from Z3 to Z5 and accelerated developmental progression compared to control and antibiotic groups. Transcriptomic analysis revealed from 492 to 2854 differentially expressed genes across treatments. PB-MA treatment was associated with the sustained upregulation of immune-related pathways (lysosome and Toll\/Imd signaling), oxidative stress responses (peroxisome and glutathione metabolism), and energy metabolism (TCA cycle and carbon metabolism), whereas antibiotics predominantly suppressed these pathways. Key candidate genes, including NPC1, NAGA, ACOX1, HAO1, MUT, and PK, were prominently induced in PB-MA-treated larvae. Conclusions: The probiotics\u2013microalgae consortium enhances basal immunity, antioxidant capacity, and metabolic adaptability in mud crab larvae at the molecular level. These findings provide transcriptomic evidence supporting the replacement of antibiotics with synergistic microbial consortia in sustainable crustacean larviculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15050498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T08:55:28Z","timestamp":1779180928000},"page":"498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Replacing Antibiotics with Synergistic Probiotics\u2013Microalgae Consortium in Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain) Larviculture: Transcriptomic Evidence for Enhanced Innate Immunity, Oxidative Stress Response, and Metabolic Adaptability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-3865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaokang","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingbo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9537-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baojun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunxin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxi 214081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vadstein, O., Attramadal, K.J.K., Bakke, I., and Olsen, Y. 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