{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:02:32Z","timestamp":1793390552180,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A compact, in-house-developed ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) system using eight 36 W Philips low-pressure mercury UV-C lamps with a peak emission at 253.7 nm was developed for effective sterilization of bacteria and fungi using a wireless mode of operation. Methods: Under controlled laboratory conditions, the system was tested against representative biofilm-forming microorganisms, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli K12, and a multidrug-resistant Candida albicans M-207 isolate. Microbial viability was assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, with structural changes analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cultures were exposed to 253.7 nm UV-C radiation at distances of 1\u20135 m for 15\u201390 min. Results: UV-C exposure resulted in time- and distance-dependent reductions in viable counts for all tested organisms, as determined by CFU analysis. At 1 m and 15 min exposure, viable counts for all tested organisms were reduced below the limit of detection (LOD) of the CFU assay, indicating substantial microbial inactivation under the tested conditions. Reduced efficacy was observed at increased distances (3 m and 5 m), with log10 reductions varying depending on organism and exposure conditions. Residual metabolic activity detected by the MTT assay suggests the presence of non-proliferating or damaged cells, consistent with the different endpoints measured by the two assays. The SEM analysis further revealed disruption of biofilm architecture and reduction in cell density with increasing UV dose. Conclusions: The UVGI system demonstrated dose-dependent inactivation of biofilm-forming microorganisms under controlled conditions, supporting its proof-of-concept efficacy. Further studies are required to evaluate performance under real-world conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15050507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T13:11:31Z","timestamp":1779196291000},"page":"507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design of a Wireless Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation System and Validation of Germicidal Potential Against Biofilm-Forming Bacteria and Fungi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9001-7038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bindu","family":"Sadanandan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Product Development and Innovation Center, Bharat Electronics Limited, Bengaluru 560013, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2237-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaniyamparambath","family":"Vijayalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Ashrit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavyasree Marabanahalli","family":"Yogendraiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7290-1022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalidas","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, Microbiology and Biotechnology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.10.022","article-title":"Microbiology of public telephones","volume":"53","author":"Tunc","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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