{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:28:41Z","timestamp":1791908921518,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences of the University of KwaZulu-Natal"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzfn040","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology","award":["98342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98342"]}]},{"award":["98342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98342"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048kh7197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05q60vz69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives:\u00a0Escherichia coli (E. coli) spans commensal, intestinal pathogenic, and extraintestinal pathogenic lineages distributed across human, animal, and environmental reservoirs, yet the extent to which virulence architectures are shared across these compartments remains incompletely understood. Using a One Health framework, we profiled putative virulence determinants in pooled multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli source groups representing human, animal, and environmental sectors. Methods: Virulence genes were predicted with VirulenceFinder, and presence\u2013absence profiles were integrated to define functional composition, sector overlap, source-group distribution breadth, and pathotype-associated signatures. Predicted pathogenic potential was assessed with PathogenFinder and compared with pathogenic family richness. Results: Overall, 114 putative virulence genes were detected, with adhesion\/colonization functions dominating the virulome (33\/114), followed by toxin-associated genes (12\/114). A conserved core of 50 virulence genes was shared across all three sectors, including determinants linked to serum resistance (iss, ompT, traT), adhesion (csgA, fimH), stress adaptation (terC), and iron acquisition (sitA, iutA, fyuA). ExPEC-associated determinants were most numerous in environmental source groups (n = 52), whereas diarrheagenic E. coli markers were most frequent in animal-associated groups (n = 42). LEE-associated effectors were infrequent and largely absent from human source groups. Despite ecological differences in virulence composition, pathogenicity scores remained consistently high across sectors (0.83\u20130.92) and showed no significant association with pathogenic family richness (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 = 0.197, p = 0.392). Conclusions: Within the limits of pooled source-group analysis, these findings suggest that MDR E. coli across One Health compartments shares a broadly distributed, ExPEC-associated virulence repertoire overlaid with sector-specific pathotype signals, underscoring the value of integrated genomic surveillance while highlighting the need for isolate-resolved analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15050512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T13:11:31Z","timestamp":1779196291000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Virulome Landscape of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Across Human, Animal, and Environmental Reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eberechi Phoebe","family":"Nnah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4672-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arshad","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-2810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akebe Luther King","family":"Abia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3357-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabiha Y.","family":"Essack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3551-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Gyamfi","family":"Amoako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mudau, K.L., Kalu, C.M., Ntobeng, L.R., and Tekere, M. 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