{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:21:24Z","timestamp":1785410484761,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003827","name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Recovery Fund","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}]},{"award":["RRF-2.3.1-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zza8h42","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Probiotic feed additives are increasingly used in livestock production as antimicrobial-sparing tools, yet viable microbial products should not introduce clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) into the intestinal resistome. This study evaluated farm-animal probiotic products using an integrated phenotypic, metagenomic and mobilome-aware safety framework. Methods: Seven commercially available products intended for poultry, pigs, cattle or horses were assessed using product metadata, culture-based recovery, broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) profiling and Illumina short-read sequencing as a screening-level resistome approach. Reads were quality controlled, assembled, screened using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Research Database (CARD)\/Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) workflow and interrogated for plasmid-, phage- and insertion sequence\/mobile genetic element-associated genomic context. Results: MIC profiles were generated for viable bacterial isolates representing Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Bacillus subtilis. One labelled Lactobacillus plantarum component was not recovered as viable culture, and one labelled P. acidilactici component was recorded as P. pentosaceus. Sequencing-based resistome screening identified 30 antimicrobial resistance (AMR)-associated CARD antibiotic-resistant organism (ARO) hits belonging to 13 determinants across six ARG-positive coded products, while one coded product had no retained CARD\/RGI hit. Profiles were dominated by recurrent Enterococcus-associated background determinants, including aac(6\u2032)-Ii, msrC and eatAv. Plasmid prediction was positive for five hits, whereas no iMGE- or phage-associated ARG context was detected. No vanA\/vanB, mcr, optrA, poxtA, cfr, extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) or carbapenemase gene was detected. Conclusions: The investigated products did not show evidence of high-priority mobile ARG carriage. Nevertheless, AMR-associated determinants and occasional predicted mobile contexts support routine integrated MIC-sequencing-based resistome\u2013mobilome assessment of veterinary probiotic products. Because short-read assemblies do not fully resolve plasmid architecture or transferability, mobile-context predictions should be considered screening-level indicators requiring confirmatory long-read or functional testing for higher-priority findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15060544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:38:42Z","timestamp":1780411122000},"page":"544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Phenotypic and Sequencing-Based Resistome Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in a Sample of Commercial Farm-Animal Probiotic Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7837-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"Kerek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levente Hunor","family":"Husz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edit","family":"Szarka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gergely \u00c1lmos","family":"Tornyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Jerzsele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istv\u00e1n utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.56385\/magyallorv.2024.02.91-105","article-title":"The Rise of Antimicrobial Resistance in Wild Birds: Potential AMR Sources and Wild Birds as AMR Reservoirs and Disseminators: Literature Review","volume":"146","author":"Benmazouz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magy. \u00c1llatorvosok Lapja"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.9644","article-title":"The World Health Organization Global Action Plan for Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"105","author":"Mendelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"S. 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