{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:21:24Z","timestamp":1785410484527,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canada Graduate Scholarship"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01gavpb45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alberta Graduate Excellence Scholarship"},{"name":"Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance (CAR), Alberta Health Services, Alberta, Canada"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02nt5es71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Staphylococcus aureus acquires methicillin resistance genes through the SCCmec element. Although spontaneous SCCmec excision has been observed, its frequency, type-specific variation, and responsiveness to environmental conditions remain undefined. Here, we systematically quantified SCCmec excision across diverse prototypic types\/subtypes and evaluated the factors that contribute to excision variability. Methods: Twenty five prototypic MRSA strains (SCCmec types I\u2013VIII, XI\u2013XIII and defined subtypes) were examined under standard growth temperature (37 \u00b0C), elevated temperature (42 \u00b0C), desiccation, prolonged continuous culture (30 days), and sub-lethal oxacillin pressure. Excision frequencies were quantified using qPCR, normalized to the gyrB housekeeping gene using the formula: 10\u2212((Ct,orfX\u2212Ct,gyrB)\/3.32). Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA, t-tests, and OLS regression for time-dependent trends. Results: At 37 \u00b0C, excision frequencies ranged from 2.40 \u00d7 10\u22126 to 1.32 \u00d7 10\u22123 and varied among representative SCCmec types\/subtypes but were unrelated to SCCmec size (R2 = 0.027, p = 0.44). Type I showed no detectable excision due to a truncated ccrB gene. At 42 \u00b0C, excision increased in 14 of 24 types (median +11.2%; eight significant) and decreased in 10 (median \u22127.4%; four significant). Desiccation produced similar effects, with nine types increasing (median +7.1%; four significant), 14 decreasing (median \u22128.2%; five significant), and one unchanged. Continuous culture exhibited progressive increases in excision across multiple types (R2 = 0.3\u20130.94), whereas sub-lethal oxacillin uniformly maintained low detectable excision frequencies across all SCCmec types. Conclusions: Excision varied among representative SCCmec types and was influenced heterogeneously by distinct stress conditions. Continuous culture promoted excision, whereas oxacillin exposure maintained low detectable excision. This work quantitatively confirms spontaneous SCCmec excision and provides new insights into MRSA genome plasticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15060555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:50:28Z","timestamp":1780447828000},"page":"555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Natural Excision Frequencies and Its Contributing Factors in Variant SCCmec Type Prototypic Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Salman","family":"Mirza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo-Ann","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services\/Alberta Precision Laboratories\/University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3348-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Conly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services\/Alberta Precision Laboratories\/University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1078-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services\/Alberta Precision Laboratories\/University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Taylor, T.A., and Unakal, C.G. 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