{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T04:54:02Z","timestamp":1781412842178,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by high-risk bacterial pathogens, is a major healthcare threat. This scoping review mapped artificial intelligence\/machine learning (AI\/ML) and computational approaches integrated with whole-genome sequencing (WGS), genomic surveillance, rapid typing, epidemiological data, or clinical metadata for early warning of AMR outbreak clones. Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR guidance and the Population\u2013Concept\u2013Context (PCC) framework, PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for English-language studies published between 2010 and 2026. Eligible studies addressed AI\/ML or computational approaches for AMR outbreak detection, clone surveillance, transmission analysis, or infection prevention and control (IPC). Results: Thirty-eight studies were grouped into five domains: genomic surveillance; rapid typing; resistance, risk-factor, and lineage prediction; transmission reconstruction; and IPC-oriented genomic epidemiology. AI\/ML supported automation, isolate prioritization, typing triage, prediction, transmission modelling, and electronic health record (EHR)-linked route identification. Conclusions: AI\/ML may enhance WGS-based AMR surveillance, but validation, dataset dependence, heterogeneity, and limited IPC outcome reporting remain key gaps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15060599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T09:49:51Z","timestamp":1781257791000},"page":"599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can Artificial Intelligence Transform Early Warning for Antimicrobial-Resistant Outbreak Clones? Approaches, Gaps, and Opportunities: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7957-4351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana Antonina","family":"Tempesta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5673-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Chines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"PhD National Program in One Health Approaches to Infectious Diseases and Life Science Research, Department of Public Health, Experimental, and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Boscarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo Francesco","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Marcoccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of AI and Computer Systems, Department of Engineering, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"HorAlzon Lab, Teleconsys SpA, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Capillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HorAlzon Lab, Teleconsys SpA, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0853-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lina","family":"Mezzatesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0739-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Ledda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7625-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Chessari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HorAlzon Lab, Teleconsys SpA, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Cafiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis with Forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5","article-title":"The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: A Prioritisation Study to Guide Research, Development, and Public Health Strategies against Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"25","author":"Sati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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