{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:11:59Z","timestamp":1793034719723,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) represents a major challenge in hospitalized patients because of its association with healthcare exposure, restricted antimicrobial options, and adverse clinical outcomes. Microbiological isolation alone does not define invasive disease; therefore, clinical interpretation requires separation of colonization, localized infection, invasive infection, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE)-associated sepsis. This study evaluated epidemiological features, resistance phenotypes, treatment adequacy, and clinical outcomes among hospitalized adults with K. pneumoniae isolates, using a clinical framework that distinguishes colonization from active infection and invasive disease. Methods: This single-center retrospective observational cohort study included 157 consecutive adults admitted between January and July 2025 to a tertiary-care hospital with at least one microbiologically confirmed K. pneumoniae isolate recovered from clinical specimens and\/or CRE surveillance rectal swabs. Isolates were assigned hierarchically to four mutually exclusive phenotypic groups: carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae (CSKP), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae (ESBL), carbapenem-resistant non-carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CRKP), and carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CP-KP). A prespecified secondary analysis compared carbapenem-resistant isolates (CRKP + CP-KP) with non-carbapenem-resistant isolates (CSKP + ESBL). Clinical adjudication distinguished colonization-only cases, non-invasive infection, bloodstream infection, device-associated infection, and CRE-associated sepsis; ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was considered when source data allowed reliable attribution. Sepsis was defined according to Sepsis-3 criteria; quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) was used only as a bedside screening tool. Statistical tests were selected according to variable type, distribution, and expected cell counts. Results: The cohort comprised 157 unique patients, with a median age of 71 years (interquartile range [IQR], 61\u201376). Current CRE colonization was documented in 79\/154 patients with available colonization status (51.3%). Complete-case in-hospital mortality was higher in the carbapenem-resistant group (CRKP + CP-KP, n = 46) than in the non-carbapenem-resistant group (CSKP + ESBL, n = 111): 11\/42 (26.2%) versus 5\/108 (4.6%; Fisher exact odds ratio (OR) 7.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.36\u201322.65; p &lt; 0.001); overall complete-case mortality was 16\/150 (10.7%). Multivariable logistic regression for carbapenem resistance (N = 150; five prespecified covariates; events per variable (EPV) = 9.0) identified age 65 years or older (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.78, 95% CI 1.32\u201310.86), recent hospitalization within 30 days (aOR 2.56, 95% CI 1.16\u20135.63), and current colonization (aOR 2.96, 95% CI 1.24\u20137.05) as independent predictors. CRE-associated sepsis was excluded a priori because of definitional circularity with the case definition. Male sex showed a non-significant protective trend (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.22\u20131.12). CRE-associated sepsis showed a strong bivariate association with carbapenem resistance (OR 9.90, 95% CI 3.91\u201325.09; p &lt; 0.001), and this association is reported descriptively because the variable was excluded from the multivariable model owing to definitional circularity. Model performance was acceptable, with area under the curve (AUC) 0.77, Hosmer\u2013Lemeshow p = 0.95, and Nagelkerke R2 = 0.25. Of 99 molecularly characterized isolates, OXA-48-like was detected in 78 (78.8%), NDM in 71 (71.7%), KPC in 6 (6.1%), and NDM + OXA-48-like dual production in 54 (54.5%); VIM and IMP were uniformly negative. Conclusions: In this high-risk hospital cohort, carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae was associated with advanced age, recent healthcare exposure, current CRE colonization, and a pronounced unadjusted mortality signal. Interpretation of sepsis and mortality requires explicit separation of colonization from active infection and invasive disease. These findings support intensified CRE surveillance, source-specific clinical interpretation, rapid resistance detection, and risk-adapted empirical antimicrobial strategies in high-risk hospital settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15060621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:37:42Z","timestamp":1781879862000},"page":"621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Determinants of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: Clinical Outcomes and Epidemiological Risk Factors in a Single-Center Cohort Dataset"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cristiana Ana-Maria Olgu\u021ba","family":"Penea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201dAgrippa Ionescu\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4370-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"Melinte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201dAgrippa Ionescu\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-8938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Simona","family":"Cambrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiberiu","family":"Holban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201dAgrippa Ionescu\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelina Maria","family":"Radu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201dAgrippa Ionescu\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Maria","family":"Vacaroiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201dAgrippa Ionescu\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7819-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeriu","family":"Gheorghi\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201dAgrippa Ionescu\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6671","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S383010","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance, molecular characteristics and risk factors of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in clinical isolates","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. 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