{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:22:24Z","timestamp":1785410544194,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia-Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024.03583.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.03583.BDANA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia-Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/276\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/276\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia-Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia-Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2024.03583.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024.03583.BDANA"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UID\/276\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/276\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Unit iNOVA4Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/4462\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/4462\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Unit iNOVA4Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/PRR\/4462\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR\/4462\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Research Unit iNOVA4Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/PRR2\/4462\/20255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/PRR2\/4462\/20255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Uni\u00e3o Europeia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern requiring integrated surveillance across human, animal, and environmental sectors. Enterococcus spp. are widely distributed opportunistic bacteria with the capacity to acquire and disseminate resistance and virulence determinants. This study aimed to characterize species distribution, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance, resistance genes, and virulence-associated traits in Enterococcus spp. from One Health sources. Methods: Enterococci were recovered from 66 samples collected in Lisbon, Portugal, between late 2022 and early 2024, including healthy and sick humans, healthy and sick animals, canteen food, surface water, and public transport surfaces. RAPD-PCR was used to assess genetic diversity among 90 isolates and select 74 representative enterococci. Species identification, resistance gene screening, and virulence gene detection were performed by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disk diffusion against 12 antibiotics using CLSI criteria. Vancomycin resistance was further evaluated by agar dilution and Etest when applicable. Results: Enterococcus faecalis predominated, representing 63\/74 isolates (85.1%), followed by Enterococcus faecium (5\/74, 6.8%) and other Enterococcus spp. (6\/74, 8.1%). Antibiotic resistance was detected across all One Health sectors. Sick Human isolates showed higher resistance than Healthy Human isolates. E. faecium showed higher resistance than E. faecalis, and all E. faecium isolates across sectors were multidrug-resistant. Rifampicin resistance was frequent, as was quinupristin-dalfopristin resistance (excluding intrinsically resistant E. faecalis), while linezolid resistance was not detected. Resistance and virulence determinants were distributed across sectors. Conclusions: Enterococci from human, animal, and environmental sources carried antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated traits. These findings support integrated One Health surveillance to monitor resistant enterococci across interconnected reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15070657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:52:24Z","timestamp":1783007544000},"page":"657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-Sector Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence in Enterococcus spp. from Humans, Animals and the Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicolau","family":"Fialho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8944-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Monteiro","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"National Institute of Agricultural and Veterinary Research, IP (INIAV), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"cE3c\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5605-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Barreto-Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBET\u2014Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier (ITQB), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Semedo-Lemsaddek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.030","article-title":"Antibiotic Point Prevalence Survey and Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitalized Patients across Peruvian Reference Hospitals","volume":"16","author":"Rondon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.13049","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance as a Global Health Threat: The Need to Learn Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Cameron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.04.011","article-title":"The Neglected Zoonoses\u2014The Case for Integrated Control and Advocacy","volume":"21","author":"Welburn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0355-3","article-title":"Food Safety Challenges and One Health within Europe","volume":"60","author":"Boqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.42.6.757-790.1941","article-title":"A Study of the Bacteria Associated with Thirty Species of Insects","volume":"42","author":"Steinhaus","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1128\/am.9.6.541-544.1961","article-title":"Occurrence of Enterococci: Bud, Blossom, and Soil Studies","volume":"9","author":"Mundt","year":"1961","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1128\/am.11.2.136-140.1963","article-title":"Occurrence of Enterococci in Animals in a Wild Environment","volume":"11","author":"Mundt","year":"1963","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00174-0","article-title":"Enterococci in Foods\u2014A Conundrum for Food Safety","volume":"88","author":"Franz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.293-300.2004","article-title":"Census of the Bacterial Community of the Gypsy Moth Larval Midgut by Using Culturing and Culture-Independent Methods","volume":"70","author":"Broderick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.033357-0","article-title":"Enterococcus plantarum Sp. Nov., Isolated from Plants","volume":"62","author":"Vandamme","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Gilmore, M.S., Clewell, D.B., Courvalin, P., Dunny, G.M., Murray, B.E., and Rice, L.B. (2014). Enterococci as Members of the Intestinal Microflora of Humans. ASM Press eBooks, Wiley Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v85i1.1583","article-title":"Prevalence of Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species Isolated from Companion Animals and Livestock","volume":"85","author":"Pillay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.009","article-title":"Distribution of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus on Hospital Surfaces in Southern Brazil","volume":"145","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Codelia-Anjum, A., Lerner, L.B., Elterman, D., Zorn, K.C., Bhojani, N., and Chughtai, B. (2023). Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections: A Review of the Pathogenicity, Epidemiology, and Treatment. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040778"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro Marques, J., Pita, B., Pinto, D., Barreto-Crespo, M.T., Mato, R., and Semedo-Lemsaddek, T. (2026). One Health Insights into Enterococcus: Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence in Companion Animals and Their Tutors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020654"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro Marques, J., Coelho, M., Santana, A.R., Pinto, D., and Semedo-Lemsaddek, T. (2023). Dissemination of Enterococcal Genetic Lineages: A One Health Perspective. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071140"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00770-1","article-title":"Enterococcus faecium: From Microbiological Insights to Practical Recommendations for Infection Control and Diagnostics","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114006","article-title":"Prevalence of ESKAPE Pathogens in the Environment: Antibiotic Resistance Status, Community-Acquired Infection and Risk to Human Health","volume":"244","author":"Denissen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk, B., Wityk, P., Ga\u0142\u0119cka, M., and Michalik, M. (2021). The Many Faces of Enterococcus spp.\u2014Commensal, Probiotic and Opportunistic Pathogen. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091900"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3951","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02046-15","article-title":"Vancomycin-Variable Enterococcal Bacteremia","volume":"53","author":"Downing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200059010-00002","article-title":"Oxazolidinones: A Review","volume":"59","author":"Diekema","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.01.010","article-title":"Risk Factors and Outcome Associated with the Acquisition of Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.08.005","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: A Link to the Clinic?","volume":"13","author":"Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01415-5","article-title":"Critical Importance of an One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"16","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61002-5","article-title":"Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. Reveals Distinct Species and Antimicrobial Resistance Diversity across an One-Health Continuum","volume":"10","author":"Zaheer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00806-7","article-title":"Quantifying Acquisition and Transmission of Enterococcus faecium Using Genomic Surveillance","volume":"6","author":"Gouliouris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"717","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence of Enterococci Isolates from Healthy Humans in Tunisia","volume":"66","author":"Klibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.4.1628-1635.2001","article-title":"Molecular Screening of Enterococcus Virulence Determinants and Potential for Genetic Exchange between Food and Medical Isolates","volume":"67","author":"Eaton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.4.437","article-title":"Surveillance of Bacterial Contamination in Small Animal Veterinary Hospitals with Special Focus on Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Traits of Enterococci","volume":"240","author":"KuKanich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"369","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Traits in Enterococcus Strains Isolated from Dogs and Cats","volume":"38","author":"Iseppi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2017.018","article-title":"Species Distribution, Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Traits in Canine and Feline Enterococci in Tunisia","volume":"65","author":"Said","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"3437214","article-title":"Virulence Genes among Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Coastal Beaches and Human and Nonhuman Sources in Southern California and Puerto Rico","volume":"2016","author":"Ferguson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gotkowska-P\u0142achta, A. (2021). The Prevalence of Virulent and Multidrug-Resistant Enterococci in River Water and in Treated and Untreated Municipal and Hospital Wastewater. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020563"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adegoke, A.A., Madu, C.E., Reddy, P., Fatunla, O.K., Stenstr\u00f6m, T.A., and Okoh, A.I. (2025). Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Enterococcus from Wastewater for Reuse and Their Health Impact. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13051045"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2012.05.004","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Traits in Clinical and Environmental Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolates","volume":"35","author":"Rathnayake","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.013","article-title":"Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance from Enterococcus faecium of Fermented Meat Origin to Clinical Isolates of E. faecium and Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"199","author":"Jahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2025). Antimicrobial Resistance in the EU\/EEA (EARS-Net): Annual Epidemiological Report 2024, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.026385-0","article-title":"The Ecology, Epidemiology and Virulence of Enterococcus","volume":"155","author":"Fisher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.08.014","article-title":"Enterococci as Probiotics and Their Implications in Food Safety","volume":"151","author":"Franz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.10.013","article-title":"The Multifaceted Lifestyle of Enterococci: Genetic Diversity, Ecology and Risks for Public Health","volume":"65","author":"Cattoir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15570","article-title":"Effects of Season and Water Type on the Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium from Surface and Reclaimed Water","volume":"133","author":"Solaiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalfopoulou, E., and Huebner, J. (2020). Advances and Prospects in Vaccine Development against Enterococci. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112397"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iancu, A.-V., Arbune, M., Zaharia, E.-A., Tutunaru, D., Maftei, N.-M., Peptine, L.-D., \u021aocu, G., and Gur\u0103u, G. (2023). Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcus spp.: A Retrospective Study in Hospitals of Southeast Romania. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13063866"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.51585\/gjvr.2025.1.0123","article-title":"Role of Enterococcus in Spreading Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Its Public Health Significance","volume":"5","author":"Fahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ger. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, C., Alonso, C.A., Ruiz-Ripa, L., Le\u00f3n-Sampedro, R., Campo, R.D., and Coque, T.M. (2018). Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus spp. of Animal Origin. Microbiol. Spectr., 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0032-2018"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u0119pie\u0144-Py\u015bniak, D., Bertelloni, F., Dec, M., Cagnoli, G., Pietras-O\u017cga, D., Urban-Chmiel, R., and Ebani, V.V. (2021). Characterization and Comparison of Enterococcus spp. Isolates from Feces of Healthy Dogs and Urine of Dogs with Utis. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102845"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osman, M., Altier, C., and Cazer, C.L. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance among Canine Enterococci in the Northeastern United States, 2007\u20132020. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1025242"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00023-12","article-title":"Enterococci in the Environment","volume":"76","author":"Byappanahalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Lebreton, F., Willems, R.J.L., and Gilmore, M.S. (2014). Enterococcus Diversity, Origins in Nature, and Gut Colonization. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.11.030","article-title":"Evolution of Virulence in Enterococcus faecium, a Hospital-Adapted Opportunistic Pathogen","volume":"41","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.08.016","article-title":"Antimicrobial-Resistant CC17 Enterococcus faecium: The Past, the Present and the Future","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00008-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00008-19","article-title":"Adaptation to Adversity: The Intermingling of Stress Tolerance and Pathogenesis in Enterococci","volume":"83","author":"Gaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00284.x","article-title":"Population Biology of Gram-Positive Pathogens: High-Risk Clones for Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"35","author":"Willems","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00843-21","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00843-21","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Enterococci","volume":"60","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-34-1-31","article-title":"Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the Genus Enterococcus Nom. Rev. as Enterococcus faecalis Comb. Nov. and Enterococcus faecium Comb. Nov","volume":"34","author":"Schleifer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00178-8","article-title":"Methods Used for the Isolation, Enumeration, Characterisation and Identification of Enterococcus spp","volume":"88","author":"Domig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.01.008","article-title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Retail Cheese, Ready-to-Eat Salads, Ham, and Raw Meat","volume":"41","author":"Pesavento","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00058-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The Enterococcus: A Model of Adaptability to Its Environment","volume":"32","author":"Rice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"268","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M150501","DOI":"10.5935\/MedicalExpress.2015.05.01","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacology of Gentamicin in Neonates: Regimen, Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics","volume":"2","author":"Pacifici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Express"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a027029","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a027029","article-title":"Aminoglycosides: An Overview","volume":"6","author":"Krause","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105963","article-title":"Coping with the ESKAPE Pathogens: Evolving Strategies, Challenges and Future Prospects","volume":"175","author":"Aloke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krahulcov\u00e1, M., Cverenk\u00e1rov\u00e1, K., Korenekov\u00e1, J., Oravcov\u00e1, A., Ko\u0161\u010dov\u00e1, J., and B\u00edro\u0161ov\u00e1, L. (2023). Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Fish and Seafood from Slovak Market. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12213912"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.08.005","article-title":"Microbiological Quality of Ready-to-Eat Salads: An Underestimated Vehicle of Bacteria and Clinically Relevant Antibiotic Resistance Genes","volume":"166","author":"Campos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112622","article-title":"Enterococcus spp. from Azeit\u00e3o and Nisa PDO-Cheeses: Surveillance for Antimicrobial Drug Resistance","volume":"154","author":"Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT\u2014Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibekwe, A.M., Obayiuwana, A.C., and Murinda, S.E. (2023). Enterococcus Species and Their Antimicrobial Resistance in an Urban Watershed Affected by Different Anthropogenic Sources. Water, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/w16010116"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, J., de Lencastre, H., and Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, T. (2024). Genomic Analysis of Enterococcus faecium from Non-Clinical Settings: Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, and Clonal Population in Livestock and the Urban Environment. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1466990"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.024","article-title":"Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Untreated Waters for Human Consumption in Portugal","volume":"145","author":"Macedo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"M2799","article-title":"Diversity of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Enterococcus Strains Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Meat Products","volume":"81","author":"Zadernowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go\u0142a\u015b-Pr\u0105dzy\u0144ska, M., \u0141uszczy\u0144ska, M., and Rola, J.G. (2022). Dairy Products: A Potential Source of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Strains. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11244116"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, J., Ko, H.J., Yang, M.H., Park, C., and Park, S.C. (2022). Antibiotic Resistance and Species Profile of Enterococcus Species in Dogs with Chronic Otitis Externa. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9110592"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-023-04579-9","article-title":"Nasotracheal Enterococcal Carriage and Resistomes: Detection of optrA-, poxtA- and cfrD-carrying Strains in Migratory Birds, Livestock, Pets, and in-Contact Humans in Spain","volume":"42","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"e01699-24","article-title":"The Healthy Human Gut Can Take It All: Vancomycin-Variable, Linezolid-Resistant Strains and Specific Bacteriocin-Species Interplay in Enterococcus spp","volume":"91","author":"Duarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagnoli, G., Di Paolo, A., Bertelloni, F., Salvucci, S., Buccioni, A., Marzoni Fecia di Cossato, M., and Ebani, V.V. (2024). Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Healthy Chickens Never Exposed to Antimicrobial Agents in Central Italy. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13050417"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). WHO Guidelines on Use of Medically Important Antimicrobials in Food-Producing Animals, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2020.07.003","article-title":"Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus Species in Marine Habitats: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Korajkic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0147","article-title":"Trends in the Incidence and Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcal Bloodstream Isolates: A 7-Year Retrospective Multicenter Epidemiological Study in Italy","volume":"27","author":"Monticelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"957","article-title":"Public Health Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance Transfer from Companion Animals","volume":"72","author":"Pomba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Llorens, J., Monroy, I., Torres-Boncompte, J., Soriano, J.M., Catal\u00e1-Gregori, P., and Sevilla-Navarro, S. (2024). Tracking the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococcus Within the Spanish Poultry Industry: Insights from a One Health Approach. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14010016"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1769500","article-title":"The Ongoing Challenge of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in Europe: An Epidemiological Analysis of Bloodstream Infections","volume":"9","author":"Ayobami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.11.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterobacterales and Enterococcus faecium: A Time Series Analysis","volume":"120","author":"Shiely","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03661-14","article-title":"Population Biology of Intestinal Enterococcus Isolates from Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Individuals in Different Age Groups","volume":"81","author":"Tedim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050379","article-title":"Vancomycin Resistance: Status Quo and Quo Vadis","volume":"18","author":"Endtz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Manageiro, V., Paiva, J.A., and Cani\u00e7a, M. (2023). EARS-Net-Portugal: Vigil\u00e2ncia Da Resist\u00eancia Aos Antibi\u00f3ticos Em Portugal de 2015 a 2022, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10400.18\/8747."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac260","article-title":"Faecal Carriage of Enterococci Harbouring Oxazolidinone Resistance Genes among Healthy Humans in the Community in Switzerland","volume":"77","author":"Biggel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dadashi, M., Sharifian, P., Bostanshirin, N., Hajikhani, B., Bostanghadiri, N., Khosravi-Dehaghi, N., van Belkum, A., and Darban-Sarokhalil, D. (2021). The Global Prevalence of Daptomycin, Tigecycline, and Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Strains from Human Clinical Samples: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.720647"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, A., KuKanich, K., Brown, C.E., and Zurek, L. (2012). Resident Cats in Small Animal Veterinary Hospitals Carry Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococci and Are Likely Involved in Cross-Contamination of the Hospital Environment. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00062"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.12.014","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern and Genetic Correlation in Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Healthy Volunteers","volume":"92","author":"Asadian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"182","article-title":"Chloramphenicol Toxicity Revisited: A 12-Year-Old Patient with a Brain Abscess","volume":"17","author":"Wiest","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrenk, D. (2012). Chemical Contaminants and Residues in Food, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095794"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohana, H., Hager-Cohen, A., Azrad, M., and Peretz, A. (2023). Trend of Changes in Chloramphenicol Resistance during the Years 2017\u20132020: A Retrospective Report from Israel. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020196"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00496-x","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Ocular Bacterial Infections: An Integrative Review of Ophthalmic Chloramphenicol","volume":"51","author":"Bale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.01.009","article-title":"Characterization of Oxazolidinone and Phenicol Resistance Genes in Non-Clinical Enterococcal Isolates from Korea","volume":"24","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.07.020","article-title":"Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Enterococci from Equipment Surfaces, Raw Materials, and Traditional Cheeses","volume":"236","author":"Gaglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadowy, E., and Luczkiewicz, A. (2014). Drug-Resistant and Hospital-Associated Enterococcus faecium from Wastewater, Riverine Estuary and Anthropogenically Impacted Marine Catchment Basin. BMC Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-66"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2003.11.003","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Levofloxacin in the Context of Other Contemporary Fluoroquinolones: A Review","volume":"64","author":"Ball","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S15610","article-title":"Cumulative Clinical Experience from over a Decade of Use of Levofloxacin in Urinary Tract Infections: Critical Appraisal and Role in Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Bush","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.08.011","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia Coli Isolates from Free-Living Wild Animals","volume":"223","author":"Velhner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.04.031","article-title":"Levofloxacin in Veterinary Medicine: A Literature Review","volume":"137","author":"Sitovs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Podder, V., Patel, P., and Sadiq, N.M. (2026, June 03). Levofloxacin, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/sites\/books\/NBK545180."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-Rojas, G., Mazari-Hir\u00edart, M., Ponce, S., Amieva-Fern\u00e1ndez, R.I., Agis-Ju\u00e1rez, R.A., Huebner, J., and L\u00f3pez-Vidal, Y. (2013). Comparison of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated from Water and Clinical Samples: Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Genetic Relationships. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059491"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm045","article-title":"Daptomycin-Reversible Rifampicin Resistance in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium","volume":"59","author":"Rand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.02.025","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus spp. Isolated in Inflow, Effluent and Sludge from Municipal Sewage Water Treatment Plants","volume":"40","author":"Bernardo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.03.001","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistant Enterococci-Tales of a Drug Resistance Gene Trafficker","volume":"303","author":"Werner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, A., Kurittu, P., Al-Mustapha, A.I., Heljanko, V., Johansson, V., Thakali, O., Mishra, S.K., Lehto, K.M., Lipponen, A., and Oikarinen, S. (2022). Wastewater Surveillance of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens: A Systematic Review. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.977106"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(01)80028-X","article-title":"Quinupristin\/Dalfopristin: A Therapeutic Review","volume":"23","author":"Allington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.023","article-title":"Contemporary Tetracycline Susceptibility Testing: Doxycycline MIC Methods and Interpretive Criteria (CLSI and EUCAST) Performance When Testing Gram-Positive Pathogens","volume":"76","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0119621","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01196-21","article-title":"Prediction of Antimicrobial Resistance in Clinical Enterococcus faecium Isolates Using a Rules-Based Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequences","volume":"66","author":"Anahtar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000007118","article-title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (Agar Disk Diffusion and Agar Dilution) of Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium: Comparison of Mueller-Hinton, Iso-Sensitest, and Wilkins-Chalgren Agar Media","volume":"44","author":"Traub","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Coelho, M. (2023). Isolamento e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Enterococcus spp. Do Ambiente Hospitalar e de Amostras Cl\u00ednicas Humanas: Vigil\u00e2ncia Da Resist\u00eancia a Antibi\u00f3ticos. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geraldes, C., Tavares, L., Gil, S., and Oliveira, M. (2022). Enterococcus Virulence and Resistant Traits Associated with Its Permanence in the Hospital Environment. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070857"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.5.1480-1486.2001","article-title":"Penicillin-Binding Protein 5 and Expression of Ampicillin Resistance in Enterococcus faecium","volume":"45","author":"Rice","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, A.R., Tedim, A.P., Almeida-Santos, A.C., Duarte, B., Elghaieb, H., Abbassi, M.S., Hassen, A., Novais, C., and Peixe, L. (2022). High-Resolution Genotyping Unveils Identical Ampicillin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Strains in Different Sources and Countries: A One Health Approach. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030632"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S388354","article-title":"Association of CRISPR-Cas System with the Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes in Nosocomial Isolates of Enterococcus","volume":"15","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.114101","article-title":"Genomic Analysis of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus spp. Reveals Novel Enterococci Strains and the Spread of Plasmid-Borne tet(M), tet(L) and erm(B) Genes from Chicken Litter to Agricultural Soil in South Africa","volume":"302","author":"Fatoba","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001628","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.45.2001628","article-title":"Hospital-Acquired Infections Caused by Enterococci: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, WHO European Region, 1 January 2010 to 4 February 2020","volume":"26","author":"Brinkwirth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh549","article-title":"Study of Faecal Colonization by vanA-Containing Enterococcus Strains in Healthy Humans, Pets, Poultry and Wild Animals in Portugal","volume":"55","author":"Poeta","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wada, Y., Irekeola, A.A., Nur, E., Yusof, W., Huey, L.L., Muhammad, S.L., Harun, A., Yean, C.Y., and Zaidah, A.R. (2021). Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in Companion Animals: The First Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020138"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.232629.117","article-title":"Detection of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Hospital-adapted Lineages in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Indicates Widespread Distribution and Release into the Environment","volume":"29","author":"Gouliouris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2021.100138","article-title":"Changing Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Faecium: Results of a Genome-Based Study at a Regional Neurological Acute Hospital with Intensive Care and Early Rehabilitation Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Falgenhauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Prev. Pract."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2018.12.008","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Isolated from a Hospital in Beijing, China","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.02.025","article-title":"Detection of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis ST6-vanB2 and E. faecium ST915-vanA in Faecal Samples of Wild Rattus Rattus in Spain","volume":"177","author":"Lozano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00318-11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00318-11","article-title":"Comparative Genomics of Enterococci: Variation in Enterococcus faecalis, Clade Structure in E. faecium, and Defining Characteristics of E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus","volume":"3","author":"Palmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2000.6.37","article-title":"Quinupristin\/Dalfopristin-Resistant Enterococci of the satA (vatD) and satG (vatE) Genotypes from Different Ecological Origins in Germany","volume":"6","author":"Werner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2007.718","article-title":"Prevalence and Mechanism of Resistance against Macrolides, Lincosamides, and Streptogramins among Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Food-Producing Animals and Hospital Patients in Belgium","volume":"13","author":"Decostere","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01780-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01780-18","article-title":"Genomic Surveillance of Enterococcus faecium Reveals Limited Sharing of Strains and Resistance Genes between Livestock and Humans in the United Kingdom","volume":"9","author":"Gouliouris","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2569-2576.2003","article-title":"Comparative Study Using Type Strains and Clinical and Food Isolates to Examine Hemolytic Activity and Occurrence of the cyl Operon in Enterococci","volume":"41","author":"Semedo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00425-7","article-title":"Screening for Enterocins and Detection of Hemolysin and Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococci of Different Origins","volume":"84","author":"Revets","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-017-0521-z","article-title":"Safety Assessment of Commensal Enterococci from Dogs","volume":"62","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822014005000031","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Virulence Factors among Food and Clinical Enterococcus faecalis Strains in South Brazil","volume":"45","author":"Medeiros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01492-3","article-title":"Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda Occurrence and Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence of Enterococcus spp. Strains Isolated from Fecal Samples of Wild Animals","volume":"15","author":"Skowron","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00310.x","article-title":"The Enterococcus faecalis cytolysin: A Novel Toxin Active against Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells","volume":"5","author":"Coburn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00297-5","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Determination Using Enterococcus faecium Whole-Genome Sequences: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study Using Genotypic and Phenotypic Data","volume":"5","author":"Coll","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Rosner, B. (2021). Fundamentals of Bioestatistics, Cengage."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Rothman, K.J. (2012). Modern Epidemiology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceric, O., Tyson, G.H., Goodman, L.B., Mitchell, P.K., Zhang, Y., Prarat, M., Cui, J., Peak, L., Scaria, J., and Antony, L. (2019). Enhancing the One Health Initiative by Using Whole Genome Sequencing to Monitor Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Pathogens: Vet-LIRN Collaborative Project with Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories in United States and Canada. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1864-2"},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Macfaddin, J.F. (2000). Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00174-3","article-title":"A Simple and Sensitive Method to Extract Bacterial, Yeast and Fungal DNA from Blood Culture Material","volume":"42","author":"Millar","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.12.032","article-title":"Virulence Traits and Antibiotic Resistance among Enterococci Isolated from Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra)","volume":"163","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3558-3565.2004","article-title":"Use of a Genus- and Species-Specific Multiplex PCR for Identification of Enterococci","volume":"42","author":"Jackson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"553","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Enterococci from Bryndza Cheese","volume":"42","author":"Jurkovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.11.3497-3503.1999","article-title":"Development of a PCR Assay for Rapid Detection of Enterococci","volume":"37","author":"Ke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2026). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [36th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00662.x","article-title":"Competitive Polymerase Chain Reaction for Quantification of Nonculturable Enterococcus faecalis Cells in Lake Water","volume":"30","author":"Tafi","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.2.433-436.2000","article-title":"Mechanisms of Resistance to Quinupristin-Dalfopristin among Isolates of Enterococcus faecium from Animals, Raw Meat, and Hospital Patients in Western Europe","volume":"44","author":"Soltani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.1.22-32.2001","article-title":"Molecular Ecology of Tetracycline Resistance: Development and Validation of Primers for Detection of Tetracycline Resistance Genes Encoding Ribosomal Protection Proteins","volume":"67","author":"Aminov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2367-2368.2001","article-title":"Improved Primer Design for Multiplex PCR Analysis of Vancomycin-Resistant Spp","volume":"39","author":"Elsayed","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4028","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00034-06","article-title":"Ecology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Characterization of Enterococci from Houseflies Collected in Food Settings","volume":"72","author":"Macovei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yean, C.Y., Yin, L.S., Lalitha, P., and Ravichandran, M. (2007). A Nanoplex PCR Assay for the Rapid Detection of Vancomycin and Bifunctional Aminoglycoside Resistance Genes in Enterococcus Species. BMC Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-112"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04551.x","article-title":"Transcriptional Analysis of Virulence-Related Genes in Enterococci from Distinct Origins","volume":"108","author":"Carlos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/7\/657\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:54:48Z","timestamp":1783533288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/7\/657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15070657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15070657","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}}}