{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:22:34Z","timestamp":1783081354664,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002679","name":"Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University Scientific Research and Project Coordination","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VTF-21007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VTF-21007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Increasing antimicrobial resistance among foodborne pathogens, particularly extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated AmpC \u03b2-lactamase (pAmpC) production, has become a major public health concern worldwide. This study aimed to determine the presence of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine carcasses and to evaluate their antibiotic resistance profiles together with ESBL and pAmpC resistance characteristics. Methods: A total of 300 bovine carcasses were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7 using culture-based isolation methods following ISO 6579-1 and FDA guidelines, respectively. The isolates were confirmed by molecular methods, and stx1, stx2, eae, and hly were investigated in E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to EUCAST guidelines. ESBL and pAmpC production were determined phenotypically and subsequently characterized by molecular methods. Results: A total of 25 Salmonella spp. (32% S. Enteritidis and 68% S. Typhimurium) and 20 E. coli O157:H7 isolates were recovered from different bovine carcasses. stx2 was the most frequently detected virulence gene. Of the 31 phenotypically ESBL-positive isolates, 29 carried at least one ESBL-associated gene. The predominant ESBL gene was blaCTX-M (79.3%), followed by blaTEM and blaSHV (37.9%). Among CTX-M gene groups, CTX-M-25 was the most prevalent (94.4%). Phenotypic pAmpC production was detected in 13 isolates, while 17 isolates carried at least one pAmpC-associated gene, with FOX identified as the predominant gene group. All isolates were resistant to pefloxacin, followed by gentamicin (93.3%) and cefoxitin (55.5%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 34 (75.6%) isolates. Conclusions: The detection of ESBL-producing, pAmpC-positive, and multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates in bovine carcasses indicates the presence of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in the beef production chain. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and effective control measures at the slaughterhouse level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15070658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:34:11Z","timestamp":1783071251000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ESBL- and pAmpC-Producing Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolated from Bovine Carcasses in T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9824-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pelin","family":"Ko\u00e7ak K\u0131zanl\u0131k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Ayd\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cemil","family":"\u015eahiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Ayd\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafize Tu\u011fba","family":"Y\u00fcksel Dolgun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Ayd\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5111-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015e\u00fckr\u00fc","family":"K\u0131rkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Ayd\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1346-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filiz","family":"K\u00f6K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Ayd\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9165-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erg\u00fcn \u00d6mer","family":"G\u00f6ksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Ayd\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2022). WHO Global Strategy for Food Safety 2022\u20132030: Towards Stronger Food Safety Systems and Global Cooperation."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2024). The European Union One Health 2023 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 22, e9106.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.9106"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12603","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12603","article-title":"Nontyphoid Salmonella carriage, serovar profile and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in slaughter cattle","volume":"39","author":"Serbetcioglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-157","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Salmonella from beef carcasses and fecal samples from an integrated feedlot and abattoir in Mexico","volume":"80","author":"Ayala","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teadva.2024.200102","article-title":"Isolation, prevalence of bacteria and fungi from carcasses and different locations within Yola abattoir and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"10","author":"Bernard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Total Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95914-x","article-title":"Emergence of highly virulent multidrug and extensively drug resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in buffalo subclinical mastitis cases","volume":"15","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.01.002","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of sorbitol fermenting and non-fermenting Escherichia coli O157:H7+\/H7\u2212 isolated from cattle at slaughterhouse and slaughterhouse wastewater","volume":"174","author":"Ayaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2019). Scientific report on the European Union One Health 2018 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 17, 5926.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5926"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.11.005","article-title":"Escherichia coli with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases or transferable AmpC beta-lactamases and Salmonella on meat imported into Sweden","volume":"171","author":"Byfors","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"591","article-title":"Detection of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolates from chickens","volume":"22","author":"Kahraman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) (2017). EUCAST Guidelines for Detection of Resistance Mechanisms and Specific Resistances of Clinical and\/or Epidemiological Importance, EUCAST. Version 2.0."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husna, A., Rahman, M.M., Badruzzaman, A.T.M., Sikder, M.H., Islam, M.R., Rahman, M.T., Alam, J., and Ashour, H.M. (2023). Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL): Challenges and opportunities. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112937"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, H., Ali, M.H., Ahmad, T., Sayeed, S.S.B., Sakib, M.A.N., Brishty, K.A., Saleh, M.S.J., Hosen, M.M., Ahmed, S., and Ahmed, S. (2026). Mobile Genetic Elements as Central Drivers of Antimicrobial Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms, Evolutionary Ecology, One Health Implications and Control Strategies. Antibiotics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15040418"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-026-00147-z","article-title":"Extended spectrum beta lactamase producing multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae in livestock-derived foods: Global trends, threats, impact and mitigation","volume":"13","author":"Hossain","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Saf. Risk"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"355","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in chicken meat from Eastern Turkey","volume":"40","author":"Baran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aydin, A., Suleymanoglu, A.A., Abdramanov, A., Paulsen, P., and Dumen, E. (2024). Detection of extended spectrum \u00df-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli with biofilm formation from chicken meat in Istanbul. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13071122"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Telli, N., Telli, A.E., Bi\u00e7er, Y., and Turkal, G. (2025). Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in laying hens: Slaughterhouse prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14040351"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"79","article-title":"Occurrence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in red meat samples","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-025-01708-8","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in sheep and slaughterhouse environment in Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye: A special focus on \u03b2-lactamase genes","volume":"56","author":"Koskeroglu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.Y., Atwill, E.R., Pitesky, M., Huang, A., Lavelle, K., Rickard, M., Shafii, M., Hung-Fan, M., and Li, X. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance profiles of non-typhoidal Salmonella from retail meat products in California, 2018. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.835699"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2023.100071","article-title":"Salmonella outbreaks linked to beef, United States, 2012\u20132019","volume":"86","author":"Canning","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01981.x","article-title":"The prevalence and spread of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at a commercial beef abattoir","volume":"95","author":"McEvoy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"115","article-title":"Presence of Salmonella spp. on beef carcasses and meat contact surfaces at local abattoirs in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"15","author":"Chong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malays. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-021-00082-1","article-title":"Assessment of beef carcass contamination with Salmonella and E. coli O157 in slaughterhouses in Bishoftu, Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Gutema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Contam."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822014005000037","article-title":"Occurrence of Salmonella spp. and generic Escherichia coli on beef carcasses sampled at a Brazilian slaughterhouse","volume":"45","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.06.016","article-title":"Quantitative distribution of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli on beef carcasses and raw beef at retail establishments","volume":"210","author":"Castillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u0103tfelan, D.O., T\u0103b\u0103ran, A., Dan, S.D., T\u0103b\u0103ran, A.F., M\u0103rg\u0103oan, R., Cri\u015fan-Reget, O.L., and Mihaiu, M. (2025). Assessment of microbiological contamination and prevalence of pathogenic strains in cattle carcasses from Romanian slaughterhouses. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030248"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"146","article-title":"The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in bovine carcass at Tabriz slaughterhouse, Iran","volume":"5","author":"Movassagh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Vet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2025). The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in Zoonotic and Indicator Bacteria from Humans, Animals and Food in 2022\u20132023. EFSA J., 23, e9237.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9237"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00591-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00591-19","article-title":"Worldwide epidemiology of Salmonella serovars in animal-based foods: A meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2478\/macvetrev-2022-0012","article-title":"The impact of cattle hide cleanliness scores on microbial contamination of carcasses during slaughtering","volume":"45","author":"Kallem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maced. Vet. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2004.12.001","article-title":"Prevalence and level of Escherichia coli O157 on beef trimmings, carcasses and boned head meat at a beef slaughter plant","volume":"23","author":"Carney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"49","article-title":"Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by IMS-PCR techniques in a cattle slaughterhouse","volume":"34","author":"Onmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8046680","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8046680","article-title":"Occurrence of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from the beef carcass of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia","volume":"2021","author":"Ayenew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6140","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3550","article-title":"Escherichia coli O157:H7 beef carcass contamination and its antibiotic resistance in Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Tarekegn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-10-529","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in three sheep farming operations in California","volume":"74","author":"Kilonzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"946394","article-title":"Molecular characterization of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 isolated from animal fecal and food samples in Eastern China","volume":"2014","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.21608\/zvjz.2017.7950","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 shiga toxin producing E. coli from retail meat and humans","volume":"45","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zagazig Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nehoya, K.N., Hamatui, N., Shilangale, R.P., Onywera, H., Kennedy, J., and Mwapagha, L.M. (2020). Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw beef from informal and commercial abattoirs. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243828"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.15421\/021840","article-title":"Isolation of Shiga toxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli from beef and swine carcasses and the characterization of their genes","volume":"9","author":"Berhilevych","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regul. Mech. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jajarmi, M., Askari Badouei, M., Imani Fooladi, A.A., Ghanbarpour, R., and Ahmadi, A. (2018). Pathogenic potential of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains of caprine origin: Virulence genes, Shiga toxin subtypes, phylogenetic background and clonal relatedness. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1407-2"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharbi, M.G., Al-Hindi, R.R., Esmael, A., Alotibi, I.A., Azhari, S.A., Alseghayer, M.S., and Teklemariam, A.D. (2022). The \u201cbig six\u201d: Hidden emerging foodborne bacterial pathogens. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110356"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.53913\/aduveterinary.1456133","article-title":"The presence and antibiotic resistance of non-O157 STEC on lamb carcasses","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Health Prod. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.014","article-title":"Molecular analysis of multidrug resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from meat and dairy products","volume":"193","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"775","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes isolated from chicken carcass","volume":"24","author":"Kahraman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adel, W.A., Ahmed, A.M., Hegazy, Y., Torky, H.A., and Shimamoto, T. (2021). High prevalence of ESBL and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolated from retail meats and slaughterhouses in Egypt. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070881"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Orhan, S.B., Suleymanoglu, A.A., and Aydin, A. (2025). Genetic diversity with potential ESBL-producing and multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains from chicken meat. Front. Vet. Sci., 12."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.M., Hossain, H., Chowdhury, M.S.R., Hossain, M.M., Saleh, A., Binsuwaidan, R., Noreddin, A., Helmy, Y.A., and El Zowalaty, M.E. (2024). Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Isolated from Raw Meat in Retail Markets. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070586"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases: A clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-13-114","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of Escherichia coli strains producing extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in slaughtered animals in the Czech Republic","volume":"76","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"63","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of ESBL-and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from cattle","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2021.00036","article-title":"Occurrence of Escherichia coli producing extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in food-producing animals","volume":"69","author":"Nagy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3n, R., Gonz\u00e1lez-Alba, J.M., and Gal\u00e1n, J.C. (2012). CTX-M enzymes: Origin and diffusion. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00110"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.001","article-title":"Plasmids and the spread of resistance","volume":"303","author":"Carattoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"M2023","article-title":"Prevalence of \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from retail meat in Turkey","volume":"80","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-20-172","article-title":"Prevalence and multidrug resistance pattern of Salmonella carrying extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase in frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh","volume":"83","author":"Parvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proietti, P.C., Stefanetti, V., Musa, L., Zicavo, A., Dionisi, A.M., Bellucci, S., Mensa, A., Menchetti, L., Branciari, R., and Ortenzi, R. (2020). Genetic profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella Infantis strains isolated in Italy in the food chain of broiler meat production. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110814"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2016.05.001","article-title":"CTX-M producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle feces in Bogor slaughterhouse, Indonesia","volume":"6","author":"Sudarwanto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.24099\/vet.arhiv.0942","article-title":"Molecular serotyping of Salmonella strains isolated from retail chicken meats by in silico derived multiplex PCR, determination of ESBL, and colistin resistance genes mcr-1 to -5","volume":"91","author":"Adiguzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn182","article-title":"Dissemination of the CTX-M-25 family \u03b2-lactamases among Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae and identification of the novel enzyme CTX-M-41 in Proteus mirabilis in Israel","volume":"62","author":"Chmelnitsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0494-6","article-title":"Prevalence of plasmid-mediated AmpC in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from humans and from retail meat in Zagazig, Egypt","volume":"8","author":"Rensing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21999","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78367-2","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from chicken meat","volume":"10","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2025). Global Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance Report 2025: WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS)."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5482","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5482","article-title":"Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes recovered throughout the beef production chain and from patients with salmonellosis","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peer J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"000289","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000289","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef at a commercial slaughterhouse in Moro, Kwara State, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Ajuwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109673","article-title":"Escherichia coli serogroups in slaughterhouses: Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular typing of isolates","volume":"371","author":"Barel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) (2024). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters, EUCAST. Version 14.0."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090110-102911","article-title":"Epidemiological expansion, structural studies, and clinical challenges of new \u03b2-lactamases from gram-negative bacteria","volume":"65","author":"Bush","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01009-09","article-title":"Updated functional classification of \u03b2-lactamases","volume":"54","author":"Bush","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2016). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Carcass Sampling for Microbiological Analysis (Standard No. TSE EN ISO 17604)."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2017). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Horizontal Method for the Detection, Enumeration and Serotyping of Salmonella (Standard No. ISO 6579-1)."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2016). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Bacteriological Analytic Manual, FDA. Chapter 4A."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-62.10.1103","article-title":"Development and use of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in stool and food samples","volume":"62","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1734-1738.2004","article-title":"Development of a Multiplex PCR technique for detection and epidemiological typing of Salmonella in human clinical samples","volume":"42","author":"Alvarez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.11.027","article-title":"Evaluation of enrichment-free PCR-based detection on the rfbE gene of Escherichia coli O157\u2014Application to municipal wastewater","volume":"41","author":"Bertrand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-63.8.1032","article-title":"A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid detection and identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in foods and bovine feces","volume":"63","author":"Fratamico","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) (2020). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters, EUCAST. Version 10.0."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Panel on Biological Hazards (2011). Scientific opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum b-lactamases and\/or AmpC b-lactamases in food and food-producing animals. EFSA J., 9, 2322."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01943-07","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases among Escherichia coli isolates collected in a Swedish hospital and its associated health care facilities from 2001 to 2006","volume":"46","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki412","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for rapid detection of genes encoding CTX-M extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases","volume":"57","author":"Woodford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2153-2162.2002","article-title":"Detection of plasmid-mediated AmpC \u03b2-lactamase genes in clinical isolates by using multiplex PCR","volume":"40","author":"Hanson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/7\/658\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:41:48Z","timestamp":1783078908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/7\/658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15070658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15070658","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]}}}