{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:50:06Z","timestamp":1785408606437,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008235","name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Deposit Integration Commission Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZC201904168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZC201904168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ZC201904168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZC201904168"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jztag35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Research Fund of the Central Public Welfare Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2018PT32029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PT32029"]}]},{"award":["2018PT32029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018PT32029"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02drdmm93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Endophthalmitis is a devastating, vision-threatening intraocular infectious disease. Given the scarcity of long-term cohort data in Asian populations, appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy is essential to prevent irreversible vision loss. The present study aimed to identify the culture-positive pathogen profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility in endophthalmitis. Methods: This retrospective study included 90 culture-positive isolates from patients with endophthalmitis treated between January 1990 and October 2020. The etiology, clinical presentation, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates were analyzed. Results: Forty-three isolates were Gram-positive cocci, 23 were Gram-negative bacilli, and 24 were fungi. Postoperative infections were dominated by Gram-positive cocci (72.1%). Furthermore, 47.8% (11\/23) of Gram-negative bacilli and 66.7% (16\/24) of fungi were recovered from endogenous endophthalmitis isolates. In patients with endophthalmitis caused by Gram-negative bacilli, visual acuity was numerically inferior at both initial presentation and final follow-up visit (p = 0.051 and p = 0.018). All isolates of Gram-positive cocci exhibited full susceptibility to vancomycin and teicoplanin, while linezolid yielded a susceptibility rate of 96.9% (31\/32). For Gram-negative bacilli, over 80% of isolates were susceptible to amikacin, aztreonam, and third-generation cephalosporins, whereas carbapenems and fluoroquinolones achieved susceptibility rates exceeding 90%. Among staphylococcal isolates, ciprofloxacin resistance was significantly higher in patients older than 55 years compared with those aged 55 years or younger (71.4% versus 12.5%; exact p = 0.013). Conclusions: Postoperative infection was the leading cause of Gram-positive cocci endophthalmitis. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles validated intravitreal vancomycin combined with ceftazidime as a rational regimen for empirical antibacterial coverage. Elevated fluoroquinolone resistance among Gram-positive cocci, particularly in elderly patients, underscores the necessity of sustained regional antimicrobial resistance surveillance and periodic reassessment of conventional topical antibiotic prophylatic protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15070663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:01:08Z","timestamp":1783346468000},"page":"663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogen Spectrum and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles in Culture-Proven Endophthalmitis at a Tertiary Referral Center in China: A Three-Decade Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wenfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug\/Device Development and Translation, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0725-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug\/Device Development and Translation, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3791-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug\/Device Development and Translation, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenghui","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operating Room, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuelin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7231-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug\/Device Development and Translation, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7563-5877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug\/Device Development and Translation, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00113-16","article-title":"Bacterial and Fungal Endophthalmitis","volume":"30","author":"Durand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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