{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:37:51Z","timestamp":1785411471735,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-03892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-03892"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institutet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-00374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-00374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025-00374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-00374"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056d84691","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inappropriate antibiotic use contributes significantly to antibiotic resistance (ABR), particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices is essential for designing effective interventions. This study assessed Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) related to antibiotic use, with consideration of awareness of antibiotic resistance, in Montserrado County, Liberia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1160 adults in Montserrado County, Liberia, using a structured questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. Composite KAP scores were calculated from Likert-scale items and subsequently categorized into ordered levels (poor, moderate, and good) based on percentile thresholds. Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine associations between sociodemographic characteristics and KAP outcomes. Results are presented as crude and adjusted odds ratios (COR, AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: Participants demonstrated moderate knowledge, with correct identification of antibiotic use for bacterial infections (skin infections: 78.8%; ear infections: 76.8%), but widespread misconceptions were observed, including use for colds and flu (73.6%) and diarrhea (80.7%). Attitudes were mixed, with many recognizing inappropriate use, yet expectation-driven demand remained common (62.7% dissatisfied when antibiotics were not prescribed; 80.9% willing to suggest antibiotics to clinicians). Practices were inconsistent, with both appropriate and inappropriate behaviors reported. While 46.2% of participants always completed antibiotic courses, inappropriate practices were frequent, including antibiotic use for common symptoms (38.6%), preventive use (37.2%), and self-medication without prescription (20.1% always). In multivariable analysis, older age was associated with higher knowledge (AOR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.26\u201311.1), while lower education predicted poorer knowledge and practices (e.g., AOR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07\u20131.00). Urban residence was associated with poorer practices (AOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.29\u20130.61). Conclusions: While overall knowledge of antibiotic use in Montserrado County is moderate, critical misconceptions remain, and appropriate practices are inconsistent. Weak relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and practices highlight the limitations of knowledge-based interventions alone. Efforts to improve antibiotic use should address structural drivers, including access to antibiotics, healthcare-seeking behavior, and regulatory enforcement, through targeted and context-specific strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15070680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:16:28Z","timestamp":1783689388000},"page":"680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance Among Adults in Communities of Montserrado County, Liberia: A Household-Based Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bode Ireti","family":"Shobayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Oldest Congo Town Road, Monrovia P.O. Box 1871, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6525-1861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia St\u00e5lsby","family":"Lundborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9226-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Nordenstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties, Danderyd University Hospital, 18288 Dandery, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0434-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamba","family":"Fayiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Liberia, Capitol Hill, Monrovia P.O. Box 10-9020, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7114-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mosoka Papa","family":"Fallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 3243, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9165-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College, Surasa, Ujjain 456006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, September 23). Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.02.015","article-title":"A view on antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and responsible risk factors","volume":"24","author":"Byarugaba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon","volume":"109","author":"Prestinaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis. Lancet, 399, 629\u2013655."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2023.09.005","article-title":"Probing the parental cognizance of antibiotic resistance by using Health Belief Model: An exploratory study","volume":"20","author":"Asghar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samtiya, M., Matthews, K.R., Dhewa, T., and Puniya, A.K. (2022). Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain: Trends, Mechanisms, Pathways, and Possible Regulation Strategies. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11192966"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098614554919","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem","volume":"5","author":"Llor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100027","article-title":"Antibiotic resistant bacteria in food systems: Current status, resistance mechanisms, and mitigation strategies","volume":"2","author":"Okaiyeto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raihan, M.A., Islam, M.S., Islam, S., Islam, A.F.M.M., Ahmed, K.T., Ahmed, T., Islam, M.N., Ahmed, S., Chowdhury, M.S., and Sarker, D.K. (2024). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use in Bangladesh: Findings from a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297653"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0501.990103","article-title":"Socioeconomic and behavioral factors leading to acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics in developing countries","volume":"5","author":"Okeke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7107.520","article-title":"Prescribing behaviour in clinical practice: Patients\u2019 expectations and doctors\u2019 perceptions of patients\u2019 expectations\u2014A questionnaire study","volume":"315","author":"Cockburn","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simba, D., Kakoko, D., Semali, I., Kessy, A., and Embrey, M. (2016). Household Knowledge of Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Wake of an Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlet (ADDO) Program Rollout in Tanzania. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163246"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thriemer, K., Katuala, Y., Batoko, B., Alworonga, J.-P., Devlieger, H., Geet, C.V., Ngbonda, D., and Jacobs, J. (2013). Antibiotic Prescribing in DR Congo: A Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Survey among Medical Doctors and Students. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055495"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03179.x","article-title":"Junior doctors\u2019 knowledge and perceptions of antibiotic resistance and prescribing: A survey in France and Scotland","volume":"17","author":"Pulcini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-025-02783-6","article-title":"The global prevalence of antibiotic self-medication among the adult population: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Gashaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atalay, Y.A., and Abebe Gelaw, K. (2024). Prevalence of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antimicrobial resistance in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1345145"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2007). The World Health Report 2007: A Safer Future: Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241563444."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebeyehu, E., Bantie, L., and Azage, M. (2015). Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics and Its Associated Factors among Urban and Rural Communities of Bahir Dar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138179"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization-Communicable Diseases Cluster (WHO-CD) (2000). Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ocan, M., Obuku, E.A., Bwanga, F., Akena, D., Richard, S., Ogwal-Okeng, J., and Obua, C. (2015). Household antimicrobial self-medication: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2109-3"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlae165","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlae165","article-title":"Influences on use of antibiotics without prescription by the public in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative evidence","volume":"6","author":"Cabral","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2026, May 12). VeriXiv|Open Access Publishing Platform. Available online: https:\/\/verixiv.org\/articles\/2-424."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2017.8583","article-title":"Community knowledge and attitudes on antibiotic use in Moshi Urban, Northern Tanzania: Findings from a cross sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Mbwambo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.21037\/jphe-23-184","article-title":"Relationship of self-medication and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): A scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Mendoza","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Public Health Emerg."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e105029","article-title":"Awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Use Among Patients Attending the Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital","volume":"18","author":"Thaha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, S., Basu, S., Rajaura, S., Zode, M., Singh, M.M., and Sharma, N. (2025). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Antibiotic Use and AMR in Low-Income Urban Delhi, India: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14121184"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15254","article-title":"A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of community pharmacist-led interventions to optimise the use of antibiotics","volume":"88","author":"Lambert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndaki, P.M., Mwanga, J.R., Mushi, M.F., Konje, E.T., Mwita, S.M., and Mshana, S.E. (2025). Drivers of inappropriate use of antibiotics among community members in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21553-6"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajulo, S., and Awosile, B. (2024). Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS 2022): Investigating the relationship between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial consumption data across the participating countries. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297921"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2024, April 23). Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Liberia|Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/research-analysis\/health-by-location\/profiles\/liberia."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ministry of Health (MoH) Liberia (2018). National Action Plan on Prevention and Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Liberia."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13600","article-title":"Comparative assessment of the prevalence, practices and factors associated with self-medication with antibiotics in Africa","volume":"26","author":"Yeika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller, W., Kapona, O., Aboderin, A.O., Adeyemo, A.T., Olatunbosun, O.I., Gahimbare, L., and Ahmed, Y.A. (2023). Education and Awareness on Antimicrobial Resistance in the WHO African Region: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111613"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e01978","article-title":"A national survey of the antibiotic use, self-medication practices, and knowledge of antibiotic resistance among graduates of tertiary institutions in Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Popoola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.07.023","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to antimicrobial resistance amongst Chinese public health undergraduates","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e2428","article-title":"Self-medication with Antibiotics in WHO Southeast Asian Region: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Nepal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01504-3","article-title":"Improving antibiotic utilization in West Africa: Enhancing interventions through systematic review and evidence synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Donkor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469580261420724","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580261420724","article-title":"Antibiotics Use Patterns in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Nepal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"e30844","article-title":"Self-Medication with Antibiotics: An Element Increasing Resistance","volume":"14","author":"Sachdev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljinovi\u0107-Vu\u010di\u0107, V. (2025). Self-Medication as a Global Health Concern: Overview of Practices and Associated Factors\u2014A Narrative Review. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13151872"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlaf033","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf033","article-title":"Status and implications of the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards AWaRe antibiotic use, resistance and stewardship among low- and middle-income countries","volume":"7","author":"Saleem","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-025-01594-7","article-title":"Analysis of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance awareness among community members in Ghana and Burkina Faso","volume":"14","author":"Aglanu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalkidou, A., Lambert, M., Cordoba, G., Taxis, K., Hansen, M.P., and Bjerrum, L. (2023). Misconceptions and Knowledge Gaps on Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Four Healthcare Settings and Five European Countries\u2014A Modified Delphi Study. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.1235.v1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslam, A., Gajd\u00e1cs, M., Zin, C.S., Ab Rahman, N.S., Ahmed, S.I., Zafar, M.Z., and Jamshed, S. (2020). Evidence of the Practice of Self-Medication with Antibiotics among the Lay Public in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9090597"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"e80392","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use and Resistance Among the General Adult Population in Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"17","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21166","article-title":"Public knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antibiotics use and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Azim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2147\/DHPS.S564658","article-title":"Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on Antibiotic Use and Resistance Among Healthcare Workers in Monrovia, Liberia: A Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"17","author":"Shobayo","year":"2025","journal-title":"DHPS"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.11.009","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use among the population of the Republic of Serbia\u2014A cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Spaho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lajunen, T.J., and Sullman, M.J.M. (2026). Antibiotic Use in the Community: Behavioural, Contextual, and System-Level Determinants. Antibiotics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15060626"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2026.101461","article-title":"Determinants of antimicrobial resistance practices in Ethiopia: A One Health mixed-methods study","volume":"22","author":"Assefa","year":"2026","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"20499361251410677","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices on antimicrobial resistance among healthcare workers in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Melariri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) (2025, March 12). Liberia Census 2022 Report, Available online: https:\/\/lisgis.gov.lr\/document\/LiberiaCensus2022Report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Raosoft, Inc. (2025, March 12). Sample Size Calculator by Raosoft, Inc. Available online: https:\/\/raosoftcalculator.net\/."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010502","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2021.010502","article-title":"Sample size, power and effect size revisited: Simplified and practical approaches in pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies","volume":"31","author":"Serdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Medica"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2025, October 04). Communities\u2014An Overview|ScienceDirect Topics. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/social-sciences\/communities."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nepal, A., Hendrie, D., Robinson, S., and Selvey, L.A. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to antibiotic use among community members of the Rupandehi District in Nepal. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7924-5"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/7\/680\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:35:41Z","timestamp":1783690541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/7\/680"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15070680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15070680","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}}}