{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:55:28Z","timestamp":1793228128993,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010101","name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TCVGH-1155101C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1155101C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010101","name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TCVGH-1155101D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1155101D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["TCVGH-1155101C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1155101C"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00e87hq62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TCVGH-1155101D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-1155101D"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00e87hq62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC 114-2314-B-075A-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2314-B-075A-010"]}]},{"award":["NSTC 114-2314-B-075A-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2314-B-075A-010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) has long been established as a safe and cost-effective alternative to inpatient care in Western healthcare systems. In contrast, its implementation across Asia has historically been fragmented and unstructured. A landmark multinational survey in 2017 identified OPAT in Asia as a \u201cmissed opportunity,\u201d citing the lack of systematic oversight, standardized protocols, and outcome monitoring systems. Methods: This narrative review examines the evolution of OPAT in Asia over the past decade, synthesizing evidence from regional studies, national policies, and implementation models. Results: The findings demonstrate a clear shift from ad hoc infusion practices toward structured, multidisciplinary OPAT programs in several healthcare systems. These systems increasingly integrate antimicrobial stewardship principles, dedicated care teams, and reimbursement mechanisms. In parallel, innovative models, including hospital-at-home services and elastomeric pump\u2013based continuous infusion, have expanded treatment feasibility while enabling the use of narrower-spectrum antibiotics. Despite these advances, substantial heterogeneity persists. Key barriers include the absence of unified national guidelines, limited monitoring infrastructure, workforce constraints, and regulatory restrictions in certain settings. Resource-limited regions continue to face challenges related to financing, laboratory capacity, and digital health integration. Conclusions: Overall, OPAT in Asia is transitioning from an underrecognized and inconsistently delivered service to an increasingly structured component of infectious disease care. Future priorities include standardized governance, integration with antimicrobial stewardship programs, sustainable reimbursement, digital outcome monitoring, and region-specific evidence on antimicrobial stability and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15070689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:49:36Z","timestamp":1784184576000},"page":"689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy in Asia: Evolution, Models, and Challenges over the Past Decade\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8697-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsien-Po","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0952-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Hsiu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8344-0815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Hsuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2031-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Hao","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6576-8289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiu-Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0981-0514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hsin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Mei","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8006-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Infection Control Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5540-4780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Kuang","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1086\/420939","article-title":"Practice guidelines for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy. 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