{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:08:04Z","timestamp":1792195684232,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of UKE\u2014University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zgy1s35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic wounds are frequently associated with biofilms, in which not only bacterial but also fungal pathogens can impair wound healing. Among the most relevant opportunistic pathogens is Staphylococcus aureus; together with Candida albicans, both are part of the human skin microbiome but can also colonize chronic wounds. Interkingdom biofilms formed by these microorganisms have been shown to exacerbate the course of diseases compared to infections caused by either species alone. Methods: To address the limited number of studies examining fungal\u2013bacterial interactions in wound environments, leucocyte-rich human plasma biofilm models (lhBIOMs) inoculated with S. aureus and C. albicans were prepared. The efficacy of the commonly used clinical antiseptics octenidine dihydrochloride\/phenoxyethanol (OCT\/PE) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) was examined using the quantitative suspension method (QSM). In addition, spatial distribution and morphology of the microorganisms within this biofilm model were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: In this study, the presence of S. aureus triggered an increase in the formation of filamentation of C. albicans in contrast to the single-species biofilm. In addition, treatment with the tested antimicrobial agents was effective against C. albicans after repetitive applications and showed a clear reduction against S. aureus. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of the co-culture revealed increased growth of S. aureus in the control culture compared to the single-species model. Conclusions: These findings highlight the pathogenic relevance of interkingdom biofilms in chronic wounds and emphasize the importance of effective species-independent antimicrobial treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15080739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:20:18Z","timestamp":1785486018000},"page":"739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interkingdom Biofilms in Chronic Wounds: The Collaboration of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Against Conventional Wound Antiseptics in a Wound-like Leucocyte-Rich Human Plasma Biofilm Model (lhBIOM)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mandy","family":"Dittmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Translational Wound Research, University Heart Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie C.","family":"Liegenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Translational Wound Research, University Heart Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Translational Wound Research, University Heart Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Geffken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Delle Coste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Schoeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Translational Wound Research, University Heart Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifey","family":"Alio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang R.","family":"Streit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4193-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa K.","family":"Stuermer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Translational Wound Research, University Heart Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-016-3761-y","article-title":"Definitionen f\u00fcr die Wundbehandlung","volume":"67","author":"Dissemond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jauch, K.-W., Mutschler, W., Hoffmann, J., and Kanz, K.-G. (2022). Chronische Wunden. Chirurgie Basisweiterbildung, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-63366-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2016.25.Sup9.S11","article-title":"Clinical investigation of biofilm in non-healing wounds by high resolution microscopy techniques","volume":"25","author":"Hurlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, Y., and Wang, Q. (2023). Current research on fungi in chronic wounds. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.1057766"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liegenfeld, S.C., Stenzel, S., Rembe, J.-D., Dittmer, M., Ramos, P., and Stuermer, E.K. (2025). Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Microbes in the Wound Microbiome\u2014How to Flip the Switch. Microbiol. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres16020039"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: An emergent form of bacterial life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raziyeva, K., Kim, Y., Zharkinbekov, Z., Kassymbek, K., Jimi, S., and Saparov, A. (2021). Immunology of Acute and Chronic Wound Healing. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050700"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idrees, M., Sawant, S., Karodia, N., and Rahman, A. (2021). Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm: Morphology, Genetics, Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147602"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2024.100161","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of Staphylococcus aureus supernatants in different culture media to mimic chronic wound conditions in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Sittek","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Microbe"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-022-00187-x","article-title":"There Is More to Wounds than Bacteria: Fungal Biofilms in Chronic Wounds","volume":"10","author":"Short","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramage, G., and Andes, D. (2025). Prevalence and Influence of Fungal Biofilm in Wound Infections. Fungal Biofilms, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-93315-8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lxag025","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag025","article-title":"The wound microbiome in chronic wounds: A biomarker and therapeutic target","volume":"137","author":"Molasy","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01058-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01058-16","article-title":"Redefining the Chronic-Wound Microbiome: Fungal Communities Are Prevalent, Dynamic, and Associated with Delayed Healing","volume":"7","author":"Kalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2711","article-title":"Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence: Discriminating invasion from colonization","volume":"10","author":"Gow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morad, H.O.J., Wild, A.-M., Wiehr, S., Davies, G., Maurer, A., Pichler, B.J., and Thornton, C.R. (2018). Pre-clinical Imaging of Invasive Candidiasis Using ImmunoPET\/MR. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01996"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talapko, J., Juzba\u0161i\u0107, M., Matijevi\u0107, T., Pustijanac, E., Beki\u0107, S., Kotris, I., and \u0160krlec, I. (2021). Candida albicans-The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020079"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"95","article-title":"Candida albicans: Genetics, dimorphism and pathogenicity","volume":"1","author":"Molero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.05.008","article-title":"The distinct morphogenic states of Candida albicans","volume":"12","author":"Sudbery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maza, P.K., Bonfim-Melo, A., Padovan, A.C.B., Mortara, R.A., Orikaza, C.M., Ramos, L.M.D., Moura, T.R., Soriani, F.M., Almeida, R.S., and Suzuki, E. (2017). Candida albicans: The Ability to Invade Epithelial Cells and Survive under Oxidative Stress Is Unlinked to Hyphal Length. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01235"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17625","article-title":"Candidalysin is a fungal peptide toxin critical for mucosal infection","volume":"532","author":"Moyes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2022.04.001","article-title":"Characterization of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus polymicrobial biofilm on different surfaces","volume":"39","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eichelberger, K.R., and Cassat, J.E. (2021). Metabolic Adaptations During Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans Co-Infection. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.797550"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"565","article-title":"Systematik, Diagnostik und Therapie von Wundinfektionen chronischer Wunden: Ein Positionspapier von WundDACH","volume":"23","author":"Dissemond","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117251","article-title":"A comprehensive review of Candida spp.\/bacteria interactions within polymicrobial biofilms: Resistance and therapeutic strategies","volume":"114","author":"Halimi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"CD011038","article-title":"Topical antimicrobial agents for treating foot ulcers in people with diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Dumville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"DGfW (2026, May 28). Lokaltherapie Schwerheilender und\/oder Chronischer Wunden Aufgrund von Peripherer Arterieller Verschlusskrankheit, Diabetes mellitus oder Chronischer Ven\u00f6ser Insuffizienz: Leitlinien der Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Wundheilung und Wundbehandlung e.V. AWMF-Register-Nr.: 091\/001. [Leitlinien], Version 2.2. Available online: https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/assets\/guidelines\/091-001l_S3_Lokaltherapie-schwerheilender-chronischer-Wunden_2023-11.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rembe, J.-D., Huelsboemer, L., Plattfaut, I., Besser, M., and Stuermer, E.K. (2020). Antimicrobial Hypochlorous Wound Irrigation Solutions Demonstrate Lower Anti-biofilm Efficacy Against Bacterial Biofilm in a Complex in-vitro Human Plasma Biofilm Model (hpBIOM) Than Common Wound Antimicrobials. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.564513"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dittmer, M., Brill, F.H.H., Kampe, A., Geffken, M., Rembe, J.-D., Moll, R., Alio, I., Streit, W.R., Debus, E.S., and Smeets, R. (2023). Quantitative Insights and Visualization of Antimicrobial Tolerance in Mixed-Species Biofilms. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11102640"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2015). Chemical Disinfectants and Antiseptics\u2014Quantitative Suspension Test for the Evaluation of Bactericidal Activity in the Medical Area\u2014Test Method and Requirements (Phase 2, Step 1) (Standard No. EN 13727:2012+A2:2015). Available online: https:\/\/nobelcert.com\/DataFiles\/FreeUpload\/EN%2013727-2012%20plus%20A2-2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701218689","article-title":"Nosocomial fungal infections: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"45","author":"Perlroth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9239","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside review: Therapeutic management of invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit","volume":"14","author":"Bassetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22845-2","article-title":"A peptidoglycan storm caused by \u03b2-lactam antibiotic\u2019s action on host microbiota drives Candida albicans infection","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2012.0397","article-title":"The Wound Microbiome: Modern Approaches to Examining the Role of Microorganisms in Impaired Chronic Wound Healing","volume":"3","author":"Misic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2015_5002","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Biofilm Wound Models and Their Application","volume":"897","author":"Brackman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666200302093312","article-title":"Challenges with Wound Infection Models in Drug Development","volume":"21","author":"Shukla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000318265","article-title":"Efficacy of chlorhexidine, polihexanide and tissue-tolerable plasma against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on polystyrene and silicone materials","volume":"23","author":"Matthes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skin. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2009.02580.x","article-title":"An in vitro model of bacterial infections in wounds and other soft tissues","volume":"118","author":"Henriksson","year":"2010","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Secor, P.R., James, G.A., Fleckman, P., Olerud, J.E., McInnerney, K., and Stewart, P.S. (2011). Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm and Planktonic cultures differentially impact gene expression, mapk phosphorylation, and cytokine production in human keratinocytes. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-143"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05975-11","article-title":"Three-dimensional human skin equivalent as a tool to study Acinetobacter baumannii colonization","volume":"56","author":"Haisma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01365-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01365-16","article-title":"Commensal Protection of Staphylococcus aureus against Antimicrobials by Candida albicans Biofilm Matrix","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause, J., Geginat, G., and Tammer, I. (2015). Prostaglandin E2 from Candida albicans Stimulates the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Mixed Biofilms. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135404"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.083485-0","article-title":"Systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection mediated by Candida albicans hyphal invasion of mucosal tissue","volume":"161","author":"Schlecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"61","article-title":"From Genes to Networks: The Regulatory Circuitry Controlling Candida albicans Morphogenesis","volume":"422","author":"Basso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, E.W.L., Pang, L.M., and Wang, Y. (2021). From Jekyll to Hyde: The Yeast-Hyphal Transition of Candida albicans. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0386.v1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.05.014","article-title":"Bacterial peptidoglycan triggers Candida albicans hyphal growth by directly activating the adenylyl cyclase Cyr1p","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00115","article-title":"Molecular Docking Reveals Critical Residues in Candida albicans Cyr1 for Peptidoglycan Recognition and Hyphal Growth","volume":"9","author":"Ng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15834-4","article-title":"Neutrophil swarming delays the growth of clusters of pathogenic fungi","volume":"11","author":"Hopke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00055-13","article-title":"The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"78","author":"Alonzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, T., Xiong, J., Wang, L., Feng, Z., Hang, S., Yu, J., Li, W., Feng, Y., Lu, H., and Jiang, Y. (2023). Unexpected Inhibitory Effect of Octenidine Dihydrochloride on Candida albicans Filamentation by Impairing Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Disrupting Cell Membrane Integrity. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12121675"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2024.33.Sup6b.S1","article-title":"Best practice for wound debridement","volume":"33","author":"Mayer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2026.0275","article-title":"Continuous integral debridement: Optimising wound bed preparation through the cleanse, debride, cleanse and dress cycle","volume":"35","author":"Mayer","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113744","article-title":"Comparative analysis of biofilm models to determine the efficacy of antimicrobials","volume":"234","author":"Stuermer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0085923","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00859-23","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia affects the gene expression profiles of the major pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro multispecies biofilm model","volume":"11","author":"Alio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/8\/739\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:51:51Z","timestamp":1785487911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/15\/8\/739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics15080739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics15080739","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}